PICOS criteria used for study selection.
| Criterion | Description |
|---|---|
| Population | Adult patients with periodontal disease |
| Intervention | The use of electronic cigarettes (E-Cs) or heated tobacco products (HTPs) |
| Comparison | Compared to traditional smokers or non-smokers |
| Outcome | How does it affect the response to non-surgical periodontal treatments in terms of inflammation, oral microbiome, and tissue healing |
| Study design | Systematic review of clinical and observational studies |
It shows the components of the PICOS criteria, as well as their use in this evaluation. PICOS: population, intervention, comparison, outcome, study design.
GD: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. ADI: Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Funding acquisition. VC: Methodology, Writing—original draft, Supervision. BFPP: Validation, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. RVG: Methodology, Formal analysis, Project administration. DC: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis. AP: Software, Formal analysis, Visualization. FI: Software, Resources, Supervision, Project administration. GI: Investigation, Resources. MC: Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. GM: Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AMI: Validation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Gaetano Isola, who is the Associate Editor of Exploration of Medicine, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. References articles are accessible on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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