Exploration of Medicine

Table 1. Clinical outcomes of HBOT interventions.

Condition	Number of patients	Duration of HBOT	Outcome	Ref.
T2D/Wagner grades I–III foot ulcers	15	Twice a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks	The size of the ulcers decreased significantly	[32]
Diabetes mellitus/diabetic foot ulcers	18	Twice a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks	Ulcer size reduction ↑Malondialdehyde ↑Superoxide dismutase ↑Catalase	[33]
Stages III and IV diabetic foot ulcers	20	10 weeks	60% of ulcers showed complete healing	[34]
Chronic diabetic foot wounds (grade II or III on Wagner)	15	20–40 sessions	Median ulcer surface area significantly reduced	[35]
T1D/T2D/Wagner grades III and IV foot ulcers	30	10–30 sessions	7 patients—finger amputations 3 patients—foot amputations 4 patients—below-knee amputation	[36]
T1D	19	10 sessions	Reduction of inflammation (decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase)	[26]
T1D	24	10 sessions	Improved lipid profile	[27]

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HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; T1D: type 1 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes.

Declarations

Author contributions

SZ: Writing—original draft. MO: Writing—original draft. ERI: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Esma R. Isenovic, who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Medicine, had no involvement in the decision-making or review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was funded by the Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia [Contract No# 451-03-136/2025-03/200017]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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