Exploration of Medicine

Table 3. Bias Assessment by the ROB 1.0 tool.

Author	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	Overall
Singh SK, et al. 2024 [10]	-	+	+	+	-	+	-	+
de Oliveira JP, et al. 2024 [39]	×	+	-	+	-	-	-	+
Bidar M, et al. 2017 [41]	-	+	×	+	-	×	-	-
Riaz M, et al. 2023 [19]	-	+	-	+	×	-	+	-
Elnaghy AM, et al. 2023 [36]	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-
Rodrigues GA, et al. 2024 [18]	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	+
Fullmer S, et al. 2014 [33]	×	-	×	-	×	+	-	-
Kumar U, et al. 2021 [42]	×	-	-	-	+	+	+	×
Hegde V, et al. 2023 [30]	+	-	+	+	×	+	-	-
Saha SG, et al. 2016 [16]	-	×	+	+	-	-	-	-
Elnaghy AM, et al. 2023 [43]	+	+	+	-	+	×	+	+
Nivedha V, et al. 2020 [45]	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+
Aggarwal V, et al. 2021 [44]	-	+	×	-	-	+	+	-

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D1: bias due to confounding; D2: bias arising from measurement of the exposure; D3: bias in selection of participants into the study (or into the analysis); D4: bias due to post-exposure interventions; D5: bias due to missing data; D6: bias arising from measurement of the outcome; D7: bias in selection of the report result. Red ×: high; yellow -: some concerns; green +: low.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used the Adobe Firefly tool to create Figures 1 and 2. After using the tool, authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

ADI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. GM: Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision. LPZ: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Supervision. AS: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. FED: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. FI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. GMT: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision. MDF: Methodology, Data curation, Supervision. AP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. DDV: Validation, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. AMI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. GD: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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