From:  Effects of polypharmacy on sensory, oral, and dietary functions in older adults

 Effects of polypharmacy on oral function and dietary intake.

VariablesCrude OR (95% CI)*pModel 1 OR (95% CI)*pModel 2 OR (95% CI)*p
Difficulty in chewing3.33 (2.78–4.01)< 0.0012.39 (1.97–2.90)< 0.0011.39 (1.13–1.70)0.002
Use of dentures3.24 (2.72–3.87)< 0.0012.42 (2.01–2.92)< 0.0011.67 (1.37–2.03)< 0.001
Difficulty in eating or swallowing3.69 (2.95–4.62)< 0.0012.61 (2.07–3.29)< 0.0011.48 (1.16–1.90)0.002
Unmet dental care needs3.39 (2.46–4.67)< 0.0012.73 (1.97–3.78)< 0.0011.51 (1.06–2.14)0.021
Eating fewer than two meals/day2.34 (1.65–3.31)< 0.0012.23 (1.57–3.17)< 0.0011.29 (0.88–1.88)0.189
Non-consumption of fruits1.71 (1.34–2.19)< 0.0011.69 (1.31–2.17)< 0.0011.10 (0.84–1.43)0.502
Non-consumption of vegetables1.93 (1.35–2.75)< 0.0012.01 (1.40–2.90)< 0.0011.32 (0.89–1.94)0.168
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OR and 95% CI were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Model 1 was adjusted for demographic variables (sex, age, education level, and employment status), and Model 2 was additionally adjusted for the number of chronic diseases. *p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.