From:  Effects of polypharmacy on sensory, oral, and dietary functions in older adults

 Effects of polypharmacy on sensory function.

VariablesCrude OR (95% CI)*pModel 1 OR (95% CI)*pModel 2 OR (95% CI)*p
Vision difficulty2.24 (1.87–2.70)< 0.0011.88 (1.56–2.26)< 0.0011.11 (0.91–1.36)0.902
Use of visual aids1.33 (1.12–1.58)0.0021.33 (1.12–1.59)0.0020.96 (0.79–1.16)0.650
Hearing difficulty3.67 (3.06–4.40)< 0.0012.66 (2.18–3.23)< 0.0011.57 (1.27–1.93)< 0.001
Use of hearing aids2.28 (1.79–2.91)< 0.0011.68 (1.31–2.15)< 0.0011.22 (0.94–1.59)0.142
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OR and 95% CI were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Model 1 was adjusted for demographic variables (sex, age, education level, and employment status), and Model 2 was additionally adjusted for the number of chronic diseases. *p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.