Exploration of Medicine

Table 6. Summary of studies on 3D-printed dentures.

Study focus	Materials used	Key findings	Challenges/Considerations	Reference
Color stability of 3D-printed resins	Hard PMMA-based resin, soft urethane-based resin, traditional heat-polymerized PMMA resin	3D-printed hard PMMA resin showed similar color stability to traditional resin; soft resin had more discoloration	Further improvements are needed for dental use	[135]
Polymeric materials in 3D-printed dentures	PMMA, PEEK, ABS, PLA	PMMA is popular but has brittleness issues; PEEK has excellent mechanical properties; ABS and PLA have potential but need further research	Need for improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility	[136]
Clinical application of 3D-printed complete dentures	Various 3D-printed materials	Technical aspects are well-studied; clinical aspects like fitting and masticatory function need more research	Challenges in achieving precise occlusion and aesthetic results	[137]
Influence of glaze on 3D-printed denture bases	Yller Cosmos Denture resin, Makertech Labs PriZma Bio Denture resin	Glaze application increased hardness and decreased roughness; no significant effect of printer type on biofilm formation	Need for further study on long-term effects	[139]
Nanoparticles in 3D-printed denture resins	PMMA with nanoparticles (zirconia, titania)	Nanoparticles improve mechanical properties significantly	High cost and complex fabrication processes	[140]
Fracture resistance of 3D-printed denture teeth	Dentca 3D printing denture teeth resin	3D-printed teeth showed adequate fracture resistance compared to conventional teeth	Need for further research on long-term durability	[141]
Accuracy of 3D-printed complete dentures	FDM and SLA techniques	SLA printing showed better accuracy in tooth positioning compared to FDM	Combining 3D printing with traditional methods can be effective	[142]
Surface characteristics and biocompatibility of 3D-printed DBR	3D-printed DBR, packed, milled	3D-printed DBR had the lowest surface roughness and biofilm formation; non-cytotoxic	Need for further research on long-term clinical performance	[143]
Sterilization effects on 3D-printed denture materials	Denture 3D+, Denturetec, Optiprint Laviva, Rapid Simplified	Ethylene oxide sterilization is recommended for most materials; conventional acrylic had higher impact strength	Sterilization methods can affect material properties	[144]

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PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate; PEEK: polyether ether ketone; ABS: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; PLA: polylactic acid; FDM: fused deposition modelling; SLA: stereolithography; DBR: dentin bone replacement; 3D: three-dimensional.

Declarations

Author contributions

PPB: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation. JJS: Methodology, Investigation. MS: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization. AD: Resources, Investigation, Data curation. KP: Project administration, Writing—original draft, Supervision. MZA: Writing—review & editing, Validation. BAAW: Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study did not involve human participants or animal experiments directly. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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