Exploration of Medicine

Table 6. Latency reversing agents.

Mechanism	Compounds	Remarks	Reference(s)
HDAC inhibitors	Valproic acid	NCT00289952, NCT00614458, NCT00000629, NCT00312546, NCT03525730	[134]
	Mocetinostat	Various cancers	[135]
	Givinostat	Increased p24 by 15-fold in ACH2 cells	[136]
	Oxamflatin	Activates HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells	[137]
	Belinostat	Approved for PTCL	[138]
	Panobinostat	NCT01680094, NCT02471430, NCT06240520	[139]
	Vorinostat	Class I HDACs [HDAC-1, -2, -3 and -8] NCT01365065, NCT01365065, NCT02475915, NCT03198559, NCT03382834, NCT03212989, NCT05700630, NCT02336074, NCT02707900, NCT03803605	[140]
	Romidepsin	NCT02850016, NCT01933594, NCT02616874, NCT03041012, NCT03619278, NCT02092116	[141]
Nonhistone chromatin modulators	Pyrimethamine	BAF inhibitor, SMAC inhibitor NCT03525730, NCT06240520, NCT00132535	[105]
	Decitabine	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor NCT05230368	[142]
	Zebularine	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor	[143]
	JQ1	BET bromodomain inhibitor	[144]
NF-κB stimulators	Bryostatin-1	PKC agonist NCT02269605, NCT00022555	[145, 146]
	Pyrimethamine	NCT03525730, NCT06240520, NCT00132535	[144]
	Ingenol-B	PKC agonist	[146]
	Prostratin	PKC agonist	[147]
Extracellular stimulators	TNFα	Activation of caspase protease leading to apoptosis	[148, 105]
TLR agonists	Vesatolimod (GS‑9620)	TLR5 stimulator	[149]
Others	Disulfiram	Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor NCT01944371, NCT01286259, NCT00878306, NCT01286259, NCT00002065	[150]

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HDAC: histone deacetylase; SMAC: second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (non-canonical NF-κB); BAF: GBRG1/BRM-associated factor; ACH2: human T lymphocyte cell line chronically infected with HIV-1; PKC: protein kinase C; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TLR: toll-like receptors; PTCL: peripheral T-cell lymphoma; BET: bromodomain extra-terminal motif.

Declarations

Author contributions

WK: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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