From:  Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among adults: Should we raise a concern? A systematic review and meta-analysis with geospatial analysis

 Characteristics of included studies.

NoAuthor, yearDesignCountryTotal sampleNumber of incidence
1Swarthout et al. [15] 2020CohortMalawi1,770714
2Ngamprasertchai et al. [16] 2023CSThailand2510
3Reta and Daka [17] 2023CSEthiopia32341
4Steurer et al. [18] 2022CSAustria43721
5Parker et al. [19] 2023CSUSA1,278117
6Petrović et al. [20] 2022CohortSerbia702
7Thindwa et al. [21] 2022CSMalawi2,067784
8Harimurti et al. [22] 2021CSIndonesia55759
9Lomardo et al. [23] 2021CSBrazil26518
10Ly et al. [24] 2021CSFrance50760
11Thindwa et al. [25] 2021CohortSouth Africa726266
12Neal et al. [26] 2020CSFiji2,035193
13Amritha et al. [27] 2020CSIndia40074
14Adler et al. [28] 2019CSUK79552
15de Steenhuijsen Piters et al. [29] 2019CohortUK451117
16Roca-Oporto et al. [30] 2019CohortSpain50039
17Sutcliffe et al. [31] 2019CSUSA50974
18Yahiaoui et al. [32] 2018CSAustria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands, UK32,161937
19Xie et al. [33] 2018CSChina17397
20Heinsbroek et al. [34] 2018CSMalawi41864
21Usuf et al. [35] 2018CohortWestern Gambia37491
22Tramuto et al. [36] 2017CSItaly8046
23Kolšek-Šušteršič et al. [37] 2017CSSlovenia383
24Conklin et al. [38] 2016CSKenya973375
25Bosch et al. [39] 2016CSNetherlands32231
26Harimurti et al. [40] 2016CSIndonesia20020
27Wyllie et al. [41] 2016CSNetherlands62136
28Benkouiten et al. [42] 2014CohortKSA12963
29Bos et al. [43] 2014CSMozambique17741
30Mosser et al. [44] 2014CohortUSA440285
31Reisman et al. [45] 2014CSUSA5,975898
32Memish et al. [46] 2015CSKSA1,613121
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CS: cross-sectional.