From:  Burden, risks, and management recommendations for hepatitis B in healthcare workers worldwide with a special focus on Africa

 Examples of exposure-prone and non-exposure-prone procedures

Exposure-prone proceduresNon-exposure-prone procedures
Open abdominal or thoracic surgeryTaking medical history and physical examination
Surgery involving hand insertion into closed cavities (e.g., oral or pelvic surgery)Administering subcutaneous or intravenous injections
Vaginal or cesarean deliverySuperficial skin suturing
Deep oral or maxillofacial surgical proceduresRoutine dental checkups and cleanings
Surgical endoscopy with sharp instruments inside non-visible cavitiesBlood sampling
Procedures using sharp instruments in areas where hands are not visibleUsing a stethoscope, taking blood pressure, and inserting a urinary catheter
Organ or vascular transplant surgeriesVaccination or care of minor wounds
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The data presented in Table 3 were compiled based on the descriptive information provided in Reference [45]