Table Info

Table 1.

Volatile compounds selected as inputs for the ANN modelling of antioxidant activity on in vitro models of lipoperoxidation and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Clostridium perfringens

Volatile compound	Antioxidant [32]	Antimicrobial [33]
(E)-Anethole
syn-7-Hydroxy-7-anisylnorbornene	-
Borneol
Bornyl acetate		-
Camphene		-
Camphor
Carvacrol
Carvone		-
Caryophyllene		-
p-Cymene
Eucalyptol
Eugenol		-
Geijerene	-
Limonene
Linalool
Linalool oxide		-
Menthone
Myrcene		-
Myrtanol		-
Nerolidol (or peruviol)	-
Ocimene		-
1-Octen-3-ol		-
α-Pinene
β-Pinene
Piperitone	-
Pregeijerene	-
Pulegone
Sabinene		-
α-Terpinene		-
γ-Terpinene
Terpinolene		-
Terpinen-4-ol
α-Terpineol
α-Thujene		-
Thymol
Thymol methyl ether	-

Grey cells indicate volatiles chosen as inputs for the antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activity prediction by artificial neural networks (ANNs). White cells with “-” signify that the compound was not selected as an input for the activity prediction

Declarations

Author contributions

JMPG: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

World Heart Vision 2030—Driving policy Change [Internet]. Geneva: World Heart Federation; [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://world-heart-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/World-Heart-Vision-2030.pdf

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) [Internet]. NHS England; © Crown copyright [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/clinical-policy/cvd/.

Khovidhunkit W, Kim M, Memon RA, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH, Feingold KR, et al. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: mechanisms and consequences to the host. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:1169–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

Kilic A, editor. Infective Endocarditis: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Elsevier Inc.; 2021. [DOI]

Tackling G. Endocarditis Antibiotic Regimens. Lala V, editor. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2024. [PubMed]

Thornhill MH, Crum A, Rex S, Campbell R, Stone T, Bradburn M, et al. Infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures: IDEA case-crossover study. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26:1–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ahmed T, Jain A. Heart Transplantation. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2025.

Brown KL, Pagel C, Ridout D, Wray J, Tsang VT, Anderson D, et al. Early morbidities following paediatric cardiac surgery: a mixed-methods study. Southampton: NIHR Journals Library; 2020. [DOI] [PubMed]

Akuzawa N, Kurabayashi M. Native valve endocarditis due to Escherichia coli infection: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18:195. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Janani F, Azami P, Sanani MG, Bamneshin K. Systematic review on epidemiology of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infection of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Germs. 2024;14:85–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Zhang L, Chi J, Wu H, Xia X, Xu C, Hao H, et al. Extracellular vesicles and endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases. J Extracell Biol. 2024;3:e148. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Sahra S, Javed A, Jahangir A, Thind SK. Pharmacological options for Candida albicans Endocarditis at the roadblock with irrecoverable prosthetics and drug interactions: a case report and review of literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23:304. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

He S, Chen B, Li W, Yan J, Chen L, Wang X, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:3148–55.e1. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Young IS, Woodside JV. Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:176–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Prieto JM, Schinella GR. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Chinese Herbal Medicines: Links between Traditional Characters and the Skin Lipoperoxidation “Western” Model. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11:611. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Lehr HA, Frei B, Olofsson AM, Carew TE, Arfors KE. Protection from oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte adhesion to microvascular and macrovascular endothelium in vivo by vitamin C but not by vitamin E. Circulation. 1995;91:1525–32. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. The Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and Lipoproteins. South Dartmouth: MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. [PubMed]

19.

Hagel S, Stallmach A, Keller P, Pletz M. Multiresistant Organisms. Zentralbl Chir. 2015;140:417–25. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Leopold JA. Antioxidants and coronary artery disease: from pathophysiology to preventive therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26:176–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J Nat Prod. 2020;83:770–803. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Zhao C, Li S, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao F, et al. Current state and future perspective of cardiovascular medicines derived from natural products. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;216:107698. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Taskforce INPS, Supuran CT, Orhan IE, et al. Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20:200–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Caesar LK, Cech NB. Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: when 1 + 1 does not equal 2. Nat Prod Rep. 2019;36:869–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Rajčević N, Bukvički D, Dodoš T, Marin PD. Interactions between Natural Products-A Review. Metabolites. 2022;12:1256. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou CC, Tsakris Z, Rozos G, Tsigalou C, et al. Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:1014. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Uduwana S, Abeynayake N, Wickramasinghe I. Synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects on the resultant antioxidant activity in infusions of green tea with bee honey and Citrus limonum extract as additives. J Agric Food Res. 2023;12:100571. [DOI]

28.

Botanical Drug Development: Guidance for Industry [Internet]. FDA [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Botanical-Drug-Development--Guidance-for-Industry.pdf.

29.

Fantasia HC. Sinecatechins ointment 15% for the treatment of external genital warts. Nurs Womens Health. 2012;16:418–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Crutchley RD, Miller J, Garey KW. Crofelemer, a novel agent for treatment of secretory diarrhea. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:878–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Feyaerts AF, Luyten W, Dijck PV. Striking essential oil: tapping into a largely unexplored source for drug discovery. Sci Rep. 2020;10:2867. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Cabrera AC, Prieto JM. Application of artificial neural networks to the prediction of the antioxidant activity of essential oils in two experimental in vitro models. Food Chem. 2010;118:141–6. [DOI]

33.

Daynac M, Cortes-Cabrera A, Prieto JM. Application of Artificial Intelligence to the Prediction of the Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:561024. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

34.

Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Martino LD, Coppola R, Feo VD. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2013;6:1451–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci. 2022;45:94–112. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Leuner O, Melnikovova I, Fernandez-Cusimamani E. Pharmacology of Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils in Food, Therapy, and Disease Prophylaxis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:740302. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94:223–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

De-Montijo-Prieto S, Razola-Díaz MDC, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Guerra-Hernandez EJ, Jiménez-Valera M, Garcia-Villanova B, et al. Essential Oils from Fruit and Vegetables, Aromatic Herbs, and Spices: Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities. Biology (Basel). 2021;10:1091. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, Bell HC, Gustafson JE, Warmington JR, et al. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol. 2000;88:170–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL. Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91:492–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Molecules. 2021;26:3506. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Saljoughian S, Roohinejad S, Bekhit AEA, Greiner R, Omidizadeh A, Nikmaram N, et al. The effects of food essential oils on cardiovascular diseases: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58:1688–705. [DOI] [PubMed]

43.

de Souza Lopes L, Bündchen D, Modesto FC, Quintão M, Chermont S, Cavalcanti ACD, et al. Aromatherapy in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2020;34:74–80. [DOI]

44.

Chuang K, Chen H, Liu I, Chuang H, Lin L. The effect of essential oil on heart rate and blood pressure among solus por aqua workers. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21:823–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Ames H. Can essential oils improve heart health [Internet]? Healthline Media UK Ltd. ; © 2025 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/essential-oils-for-heart-health

46.

Short-term exposure to essential oils lowers blood pressure and heart rate... but only when exposure is less than one hour [Internet]. ScienceDaily; c1995–2024 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121129093419.htm

47.

Dohnal V, Kuca K, Jun D. What are artificial neural networks and what they can do? Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2005;149:221–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Najjar YM, Basheer IA, Hajmeer MN. Computational neural networks for predictive microbiology: I. Methodology. Int J Food Microbiol. 1997;34:27–49. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Chen Y, Cao W, Cao Y, Zhang L, Chang B, Yang W, et al. Using neural networks to determine the contribution of danshensu to its multiple cardiovascular activities in acute myocardial infarction rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138:126–34. [DOI] [PubMed]

50.

Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Beresford R. Basic concepts of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and its application in pharmaceutical research. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000;22:717–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

51.

Murcia-Soler M, Pérez-Giménez F, García-March FJ, Salabert-Salvador MT, Díaz-Villanueva W, Castro-Bleda MJ, et al. Artificial neural networks and linear discriminant analysis: a valuable combination in the selection of new antibacterial compounds. J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 2004;44:1031–41. [DOI] [PubMed]

52.

Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:53–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

53.

Siramshetty VB, Xu X, Shah P. Artificial Intelligence in ADME Property Prediction. Methods Mol Biol. 2024;2714:307–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

54.

Krogh A. What are artificial neural networks? Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:195–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Zupan J, Gasteiger J. Neural networks: A new method for solving chemical problems or just a passing phase? Analytica Chimica Acta. 1991;248:1–30. [DOI]

56.

Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 2003;13:2498–504. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Zitnik M, Li MM, Wells A, Glass K, Gysi DM, Krishnan A, et al. Current and future directions in network biology. Bioinform Adv. 2024;4:vbae099. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Shao L, Zhao Y, Heinrich M, Prieto-Garcia JM, Manzoni C. Active natural compounds perturb the melanoma risk-gene network. G3 (Bethesda). 2024;14:jkad274. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

CLSI M2 A6: 1997—Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests [Internet]. Intertek Inform; © 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https://shop.standards.ie/en-ie/standards/clsi-m2-a6-1997-357777_saig_clsi_clsi_814883/

60.

Bielick CG, Arnold CJ, Chu VH. Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections: A Contemporary Review. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2024;38:673–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

61.

Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:603–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Naber CK. Future strategies for treating Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:26–34. [DOI] [PubMed]

63.

Abbas M, Gururani MA, Ali A, Bajwa S, Hassan R, Batool SW, et al. Antimicrobial Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds in Nigella sativa: A Review. Molecules. 2024;29:4914. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

64.

Ács K, Bencsik T, Böszörményi A, Kocsis B, Horváth G. Essential Oils and Their Vapors as Potential Antibacterial Agents against Respiratory Tract Pathogens. Nat Prod Commun. 2016;11:1709–12. [PubMed]

65.

Aelenei P, Rimbu CM, Guguianu E, Dimitriu G, Aprotosoaie AC, Brebu M, et al. Coriander essential oil and linalool-interactions with antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2019;68:156–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Delaquis PJ, Stanich K, Girard B, Mazza G. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;74:101–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Silva F, Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Domingues FC. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: its antibacterial activity and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:1479–86. [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Mahmoud AM, El-Baky R, Ahmed ABF, Gad GFM. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and in combination with some standard antimicrobials against different pathogens isolated from some clinical specimens. American Journal of Microbiological Research. 2016;4:16–25. [DOI]

69.

Özkinali S, Şener N, Gür M, Güney K, Olgun Ç. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of coriander & galangal essential oil. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2017;51:S221–4. [DOI]

70.

Brun P, Bernabè G, Filippini R, Piovan A. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Commercially Available Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oils. Curr Microbiol. 2019;76:108–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

71.

Barra A. Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: a review of recent developments. Nat Prod Commun. 2009;4:1147–54. [PubMed]

72.

Apinundecha C, Teethaisong Y, Suknasang S, Ayamuang I, Eumkeb G. Synergistic Interaction between Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. Essential Oil and Cloxacillin on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Inhibition. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2023;2023:3453273. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

73.

Silva VA, Sousa JP, Guerra FQS, Pessôa HLF, Freitas AFR, Coutinho HDM, et al. Antibacterial activity of the monoterpene linalool: alone and in association with antibiotics against bacteria of clinical importance. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2015;7:1022–6.

74.

Poirel L, Madec J, Lupo A, Schink A, Kieffer N, Nordmann P, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr. 2018;6:10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0026-2017. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Kachkoul R, Touimi GB, Bennani B, Mouhri GE, Habbani RE, Zouhri A, et al. Optimisation of Three Essential Oils against Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli by Mixture Designa. Chem Biodivers. 2023;20:e202301221. [DOI] [PubMed]

76.

Chraibi M, Fadil M, Farah A, Benkhaira N, Lebrazi S, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Simplex-centroid design as innovative approach in the optimization of antimicrobial effect of Thymus satureioides, Myrtus communis and Artemisia herba alba essential oils against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candidatropicalis. Exp Parasitol. 2023;247:108472. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Pei R, Zhou F, Ji B, Xu J. Evaluation of combined antibacterial effects of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol against E. coli with an improved method. J Food Sci. 2009;74:M379–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

78.

Ismail HTH. The ameliorative efficacy of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced hematological alterations, hepatorenal dysfunction and immune-inflammatory disturbances in experimentally infected rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29:41476–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

79.

Roemer T, Krysan DJ. Antifungal drug development: challenges, unmet clinical needs, and new approaches. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4:a019703. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Munzen ME, Garcia ADG, Martinez LR. An update on the global treatment of invasive fungal infections. Future Microbiol. 2023;18:1095–117. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

81.

de Oliveira Santos GC, Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS, Filho AKDB, do Nascimento FRF, et al. Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1351. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Bhattacharya R, Rolta R, Dev K, Sourirajan A. Synergistic potential of essential oils with antibiotics to combat fungal pathogens: Present status and future perspectives. Phytother Res. 2021;35:6089–100. [DOI] [PubMed]

83.

Kamble PA, Phadke M. Use of checkerboard assay to determine the synergy between essential oils extracted from leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa and nystatin against Candida albicans. Ayu. 2023;44:38–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

84.

Khan MSA, Malik A, Ahmad I. Anti-candidal activity of essential oils alone and in combination with amphotericin B or fluconazole against multi-drug resistant isolates of Candida albicans. Med Mycol. 2012;50:33–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Hleba L, Hlebová M, Charousová I. In Vitro Evaluation of Synergistic Essential Oils Combination for Enhanced Antifungal Activity against Candida spp. Life (Basel). 2024;14:693. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

86.

Essid R, Hammami M, Gharbi D, Karkouch I, Hamouda TB, Elkahoui S, et al. Antifungal mechanism of the combination of Cinnamomum verum and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils with fluconazole against pathogenic Candida strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101:6993–7006. [DOI] [PubMed]

87.

Buciński A, Socha A, Wnuk M, Baczek T, Nowaczyk A, Krysiński J, et al. Artificial neural networks in prediction of antifungal activity of a series of pyridine derivatives against Candida albicans. J Microbiol Methods. 2009;76:25–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

88.

Monteiro-Neto V, de Souza CD, Gonzaga LF, da Silveira BC, Sousa NCF, Pontes JP, et al. Cuminaldehyde potentiates the antimicrobial actions of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232987. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang J, Hu F, et al. Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Ginger Essential Oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2020;25:3955. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Zhou W, He Y, Lei X, Liao L, Fu T, Yuan Y, et al. Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant activities, antimicrobial, and anti-melanogenesis effect of the essential oils extracted from Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;254:112731. [DOI] [PubMed]

91.

Costa da Silva MM, Bezerra de Araújo Neto J, Lucas Dos Santos AT, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, de Araújo ACJ, Freitas PR, et al. Antibiotic-Potentiating Activity of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Essential Oil against MDR Bacterial Strains. Plants (Basel). 2023;12:1587. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Çali A, Çelik C. Determination of in vitro synergy and antibiofilm activities of antimicrobials and essential oil components. Biofouling. 2024;40:483–98. [DOI] [PubMed]

93.

Chang X, Zhang T, Zhang W, Zhao Z, Sun J. Natural Drugs as a Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:5430407. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

94.

Ooi BK, Chan K, Goh BH, Yap WH. The Role of Natural Products in Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases via Nrf2 Pathway: Novel Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1308. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

95.

Ding WY, Protty MB, Davies IG, Lip GYH. Relationship between lipoproteins, thrombosis, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118:716–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

96.

Khatana C, Saini NK, Chakrabarti S, Saini V, Sharma A, Saini RV, et al. Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Atherosclerosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:5245308. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

97.

He Z, Wang DW. The roles of eicosanoids in myocardial diseases. Adv Pharmacol. 2023;97:167–200. [DOI] [PubMed]

98.

Kaikkonen JE, Vilppo T, Asikainen J, Voutilainen S, Kurl S, Salonen JT. Fatty acids as determinants of in-vivo lipid peroxidation: the EFFGE study in Eastern Finnish hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects. Ann Med. 2013;45:455–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

99.

Afonso CB, Spickett CM. Lipoproteins as targets and markers of lipoxidation. Redox Biol. 2019;23:101066. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

100.

Bucinski A, Zieliński H, Kozłowska H. Artificial neural networks for prediction of antioxidant capacity of cruciferous sprouts. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2004;15:161–9. [DOI]

101.

Castaldo L, Narváez A, Izzo L, Graziani G, Gaspari A, Minno GD, et al. Red Wine Consumption and Cardiovascular Health. Molecules. 2019;24:3626. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Iqbal I, Wilairatana P, Saqib F, Nasir B, Wahid M, Latif MF, et al. Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Molecules. 2023;28:6403. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

103.

Rossi DCP, Gleason JE, Sanchez H, Schatzman SS, Culbertson EM, Johnson CJ, et al. Candida albicans FRE8 encodes a member of the NADPH oxidase family that produces a burst of ROS during fungal morphogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006763. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

104.

Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Zhiri A, Baudoux D, Idaomar M. Antigenotoxic effects of three essential oils in diploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) after treatments with UVC radiation, 8-MOP plus UVA and MMS. Mutat Res. 2006;606:27–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Shahina Z, Homsi RA, Price JDW, Whiteway M, Sultana T, Dahms TES. Rosemary essential oil and its components 1,8-cineole and α-pinene induce ROS-dependent lethality and ROS-independent virulence inhibition in Candida albicans. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0277097. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

106.

Chagas-Paula DA, Oliveira TB, Zhang T, Edrada-Ebel R, Costa FBD. Prediction of Anti-inflammatory Plants and Discovery of Their Biomarkers by Machine Learning Algorithms and Metabolomic Studies. Planta Med. 2015;81:450–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

107.

Parojcić J, Ibrić S, Djurić Z, Jovanović M, Corrigan OI. An investigation into the usefulness of generalized regression neural network analysis in the development of level A in vitro-in vivo correlation. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2007;30:264–72. [DOI] [PubMed]