Table Info

Table 7.

Behavioral risk factors distribution across age and gender categories

Variables	Age (years)	Smokers, N (%)	Alcoholic, N (%)	Tobacco users, N (%)	Others, N (%)
Gender
Male	≤ 50	7 (19.4)	7 (25.0)	4 (21.1)	8 (27.6)
	> 50	29 (80.6)	21 (75.0)	15 (78.9)	21 (72.4)
	p-value	0.146	0.013	0.065	0.036
Female	≤ 50	4 (28.6)	4 (26.7)	2 (33.3)	5 (38.5)
	> 50	10 (71.4)	11 (73.3)	4 (66.7)	8 (61.5)
	p-value	0.338	0.383	0.152	0.179

Other include poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, inadequate hydration, drug use, and non-adherence to medication

Supplementary materials

The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1001303_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We sincerely acknowledge the invaluable support provided by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, and the Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh. We are also deeply grateful to the study participants for their significant contributions to this research.

Author contributions

GS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. PA: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis. PT: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. SD and AT: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali (IEC/78/2023-RI), as well as from the Ethics Committee of the Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh (GMCH/IEC/2024/1137R).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Pramil Tiwari, ptiwari@niper.ac.in) upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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