Exploration of Medicine

Table 5. Applications of 3D printing in personalized medicine [81–86]

Application area	Description	Benefits
Drug dosage forms	Customized drug release profiles and dosages	Tailored drug delivery, potential for improved patient adherence
Medical implants	Patient-specific implants (e.g., hip, dental, cranial plates)	Perfect fit, reduced surgery time, improved outcomes
Prosthetics	Custom-made prosthetic limbs or parts	Better fit, improved mobility, enhanced patient comfort
Hearing aids	Tailored hearing devices	Improved comfort and acoustic performance
Bioprinted tissues/organs	Printing cells and biomaterials for tissue regeneration	Potential solutions for organ donor shortages, tailored tissue grafts
Disease models	3D printed tissues for drug testing and research	Accurate disease representation, improved drug testing accuracy
Personalized medical devices	Custom-fit devices (e.g., orthotics, braces)	Enhanced comfort, optimized functionality
Anatomical models	Patient-specific models for surgical planning	Improved surgical preparation, reduced operation time

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Declarations

Author contributions

KP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. RS: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision. DD, MAI, PP, and AP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology. PPB, MS, PS, and BB: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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