Exploration of Medicine

Table 3. Applications of phototherapies for the management of skin cancer along with their mechanism of action

No.	Source of light (phototherapy)	Target	Treatment of skin cancer	Mechanism of action	References
1	PUVA	Psoralen and DNA	Skin mastocytosis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and DNA replication inhibition	[119]
2	UVA1 (340–400 nm)	Chromophores	Atopic dermatitis, localized scleroderma	T-cell apoptosis and tissue remodeling	[120]
3	PDT	Photosensitizers	Superficial skin cancer	Apoptosis and ROS production	[121]
4	Ablation [CO₂ laser (10,800 nm); erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Er:YAG laser, 3,850 nm)]	Water in and outside the cells	Superficial skin cancer	Evaporation	[122]
5	Non-ablation (dye laser)	Hemoglobin (Hb)	Telangiectasia, vascular lesions, as well as hemangioma	Photoselective thermolysis	[123]
6	Extra-corporeal photopheresis	Chromophore	Erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	T-cells depletion	[124]

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Declarations

Acknowledgments

Authors would like to offer special thanks to MM College of Pharmacy, Amity institute of Nanotechnology for allowing carrying out this work and other research projects.

Author contributions

RG, SH, and KW: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. HC: Supervision, Investigation, Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. RP: Formal analysis, Resources, Visualization. ML and RS: Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Methodology. All the authors have equally contributed to conceiving this paper and participated in its revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

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