Table Info

Table 4.

List molecules that regulate several mitochondrial functions impaired in neurodegenerative disorder examined under preclinical as well as in clinical trials

Drugs/molecule	Disease	Type of studies	Outcomes	References
α-lipoic acid	AD	Preclinical and clinical	Neuroprotective effect, learning and memory improvement	[126]
Inosine	ALS	Preclinical and clinical	Safety, tolerability, and effective in increasing urate serum levels	[127]
Inosine/urate	PD	Preclinical and clinical	Safety, tolerability, and effective in increasing urate serum levels	[128, 129]
Melatonin	ALS, PD, AD	Preclinical and clinical	Safety, better sleep, and a decrease in oxidative stress indicators; no advantages for motor activity; no ameliorations in cognitive functions	[130, 131]
Mito-Apocynin	AD, PD	Preclinical	Motor deficit & neuroinflammation attenuation (neuroprotection)	[132–134]
Mito Q	ALS, AD, HD, PD	Preclinical	Lengthening lifespan, mitigating cognitive decline, and increasing hindlimb strength; preventing the loss of dopaminergic neurons in a 6-OHDA PD mice model and decreasing ROS-induced autophagy while fostering mitochondrial fusion	[135, 136]
N-acetylcysteine	AD, PD, HD	Preclinical	An improvement in cognitive and motor impairments; an increase in brain connections, GSH levels, TH and complex 1 activity; protection against neuroinflammation	[137]
SKQ1	AD	Preclinical	Improvements in cognition and behavior (reduction of ROS generation)	[138]
Szeto-Schiller tetrapeptides	AD, PD, ALS	Preclinical	Improved anterograde axonal transport and synaptic activity, increased survival and improved behavior in SOD1G93A mice, as well as increased lifespan and improved motor ability	[138, 139]
Vitamin C	AD	Preclinical	Protection of mitochondrial morphology (reduction of oxidative stress damage) and prevention of apoptosis	[140]
Carotenoids (astaxanthin)	AD	Preclinical	Hippocampal neurons treated with A 1–42 oligomers and astaxanthin are protected from the formation of ROS; decreasing neuroinflammation and synaptotoxic events	[141]
Vitamin E	AD	Preclinical, clinical	Vitamin E on glutamate-treated astrocytes: healing of mitochondrial damage (MMP stabilization and decreased lipid peroxidation); additional research on AD sufferers is required	[142–144]
Vitamin E	ALS	Preclinical, clinical	Several clinical investigations have revealed contradictory results in terms of delaying the onset and course of ALS, but more research is required	[145]
PGC-1α	PD	Preclinical	Synuclein oligomerization in a cell culture model with PGC-1 restoration; animals with the A30P synuclein gene: decreased synuclein oligomerization	[146]
Olesoxime	PD, HD	Preclinical	Enhancing mitochondrial function and preventing apoptosis; stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane improvement in behavior and cognition	[147]
Olesoxime	SMA	Preclinical, clinical	Efficacy in motor improvement and safety have been confirmed; it could be administered in combinatorial therapy	[148]
Curcumin	ALS	Preclinical, clinical	Increased lifespan and slowed illness progression, although more research on various delivery techniques is required	[149]
Flavonoids	ALS	Preclinical	Motor performances improvement [prevention of MN (motor neurons) loss]	[145]
Quercetin	AD	Preclinical	Improvements in cognitive capabilities, antioxidant activity, MMP and mitochondrial morphological restoration, a reduction in ROS, a rise in ATP levels, and suppression of apoptosis	[149]
Resveratrol	AD	Preclinical, clinical	Cognitive decline mitigation	[149]
Pramipexol	PD	Preclinical	Neuroprotection (mPTP opening prevention and a decrease in ROS production)	[150]

ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; MN: motor neurons; SKQ1: Visomitin; SMA: spinal muscular atrophy; TH: thyroid hormone

Declarations

Author contributions

MY and AK contributed conception and design of the study; N Singh, MD and NR organized the paper; N Sharma performed the reference setting and formating; MY wrote the first draft of the manuscript; JD, N Sharma, PD and NM wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The authors are thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board-Department of Science and Technology (SERB-DST, New Delhi, Letter number PDF/2018/002605) and GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, 122103, India [Seed Grant (R&D.12/21/01)] for the financial support to get the access to the journals which are paid and the data included in this paper are from these journals and provided funds to attend conferences and workshops to collect data for this paper.

Copyright

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