The role of endothelium and its potential relationship in COPD and CVD. The dotted arrows in the figure indicate that the factors linking COPD and CVD are not yet fully understood and are likely to be interconnected through endothelial dysfunction. While the solid arrows represent the well-known risk factors for COPD and the mechanisms associated with endothelial dysfunction. Created with BioRender.com
SS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. GN: Writing—review & editing. AMN: Writing—review & editing. MT: Writing—review & editing. CAML: Writing—review & editing. SP: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.
GN, SP, and MT are employees of Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. All the remaining authors have not actual and perceived conflicts of interest.
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© The Author(s) 2023.