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From: Obstetric implications of maternal chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Table 3. Fetal/perinatal effects and complications in which demonstrable effects of chronic HBV infection have been reported

Fetal and perinatal effects and complications	Effect of maternal HBV carrier status	References
Spontaneous miscarriage	Increased	[25, 54, 66]
Fetal congenital malformations	Increased	[23, 50, 54]
Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), stillbirth (SB), and perinatal mortality	Increased	[12, 23, 54]
Low birthweight (LBW) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants	Increased LBW infants	[11, 23, 54, 67]
	Increased in HBeAg positive	[13]
	Increased SGA infants	[11, 67]
	Reduced	[11, 18, 28, 68]
	Reduced SGA in CD	[27]
Large-for-gestational age (LGA) and macrosomic infants	Increased birthweight in Oriental Chinese women	[24, 47]
	Increased LGA/macrosomia	[12, 48, 68]
	Increased in HBeAg negative	[26]
Fetal distress and birth asphyxia	Increased	[22, 23, 48, 56]

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