Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 4. Summary of clinical applications of injectable hydrogels.

Issue type	Hydrogel system	Cell/GF delivery	Clinical stage	Key outcomes
Cartilage	Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel	TGF-β3, chondrocytes	Phase II/III clinical trials	Improved cartilage regeneration, reduced pain scores
Bone	Calcium phosphate/collagen composite	BMP-2	Phase II clinical trials	Accelerated bone union, osteoconductive scaffold integration
Cardiac	Alginate hydrogel (IK-5001)	None (acellular)	Phase II (AUGMENT-HF)	Reduced infarct expansion, improved LV geometry
Wound healing	Collagen/HA wound filler	PDGF-BB (becaplermin)	FDA-approved	Accelerated chronic wound closure in diabetic ulcers
Neural	Self-assembling peptide (RADA16)	NGF	Phase I	Safety established; early signs of functional improvement

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EA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Visualization, Writing—review & editing, Project supervision. DA: Supervision, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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