Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 1. Key platform, their enabling mechanism, advantages, limitations and clinical status.

Platform	Mechanism	Key advantages	Key limitations	Clinical status	References
Liposomes	Multivesicular encapsulation	Long duration (up to 72 h), reduced systemic exposure	High cost, inconsistent release, and manufacturing scalability	FDA-approved (EXPAREL^®)	[7]
Hydrogels	Localized polymer depot	Localized delivery, customizable release profiles	Burst release, mechanical instability, high variability in formulation	Pre-clinical/early clinical	[3]
Nanoparticles (PLGA)	Polymeric matrix erosion	Controlled release, enhanced drug stability, reduced systemic exposure	Lack of clear in vitro-in vivo correlation, manufacturing challenges	Early clinical/FDA-approved (Posimir™, Zynrelef™)	[4]

Return to article view

Declarations

Acknowledgments

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including Napkin AI and Sora AI, were used solely to assist in the preparation of schematic figures. After utilizing these tools, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the generated content as necessary and take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and final content of the manuscript and all associated figures.

Author contributions

SS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MZ: Methodology, Visualization. SB: Writing—review & editing. SP: Validation, Supervision. MR: Writing—review & editing. VT: Writing—review & editing. UK: Resources and editing. DG: Supervision, Project administration. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

This is a review article. The data presented in the study are derived from the references and public domain literature cited within the manuscript.

Funding

No specific funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS. Mechanism of sodium channel block by local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, and anticonvulsants. J Gen Physiol. 2017;149:465–481. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Agarwal N, Kalra VK. Studies on the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on proton translocating ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Bioenerg. 1984;764:316–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

Jeong JO, Kim M, Kim S, Lee KK, Choi H. Advanced Hydrogel Systems for Local Anesthetic Delivery: Toward Prolonged and Targeted Pain Relief. Gels. 2025;11:131. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Getachew M, Tesfaye H, Yihunie W, Ayenew T, Alemu S, Dagnew EM, et al. Sustained release local anesthetics for pain management: relevance and formulation approaches. Front Pain Res. 2024;5:1383461. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Liu H, Liu Z, Zhou H, Yan R, Li Y, Zhang X, et al. Advances in Structural Biology for Anesthetic Drug Mechanisms: Insights into General and Local Anesthesia. BioChem. 2025;5:18. [DOI]

Torpey A, Bellow E, Samojedny V, Ahluwalia S, Desai A, Caldwell W, et al. Nanotechnology in Pain Management. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16:1479. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hu X, He T, Zhang D, Zhou C, Liang P. Nano-enabled delivery of anesthetics: mechanistic insights, technological advances and translational challenges. J Mater Chem B. 2025;13:13844–66. [DOI] [PubMed]

Amarneh MA, Kim K, Shaikh R, Kerr CL, Padua H, Chaudry G, et al. Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration for postprocedural analgesia following interventional procedures for vascular anomalies. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2025;11:101796. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Sandhu HK, Miller CC 3rd, Tanaka A, Estrera AL, Charlton-Ouw KM. Effectiveness of Standard Local Anesthetic Bupivacaine and Liposomal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Truncal Incisions. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e210753. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Pope S, Crean C, Thrasher S, Xu H, Chen PJ, Chen L, et al. Comparison of Pharmacokinetics of Long-Acting Local Analgesics: CPL-01, a Novel Extended-Release Ropivacaine, Demonstrates Consistent and Predictable Exposure Compared with Liposomal Bupivacaine. Clin Drug Investig. 2025;45:51–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Hoang VT, Nguyen QT, Phan TTK, Pham TH, Dinh NTH, Anh LPH, et al. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Perspectives and Challenges. MedComm. 2025;6:e70192. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Nayak M, Banerjee D, Venugopal V, Nethi SK, Barui AK, Mukherjee S. Cell-engineered technologies for wound healing and tissue regeneration. npj Biomed Innov. 2025;2:38. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Garg K, Brockhouse J, McAndrew CM, Reiter AJ, Owens JG, Mueller RJ, et al. Regenerative rehabilitation: Navigating the gap between preclinical promises and clinical realities for treating trauma‐induced volumetric muscle loss. J Physiol. 2025;603:7421–39. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Gu X, Carroll Turpin MA, Romero-Ortega MI. Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine in Pain Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26:533–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

D'Souza RS, Her YF, Hussain N, Karri J, Schatman ME, Calodney AK, et al. Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines on Regenerative Medicine Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Consensus Report from a Multispecialty Working Group. J Pain Res. 2024;17:2951–3001. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Kaye AD, Edinoff AN, Rosen YE, Boudreaux MA, Kaye AJ, Sheth M, et al. Regenerative Medicine: Pharmacological Considerations and Clinical Role in Pain Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26:751–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Rahmatipour H, Shabestari SM, Benisi SZ, Samadikhah H. Pioneering pain management with botulinum toxin type A: From anti-inflammation to regenerative therapies. Heliyon. 2025;11:e42350. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Rasekh M, Arshad MS, Ahmad Z. Advances in Drug Delivery Integrated with Regenerative Medicine: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Frontiers. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17:456. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Han X, Gong C, Yang Q, Zheng K, Wang Z, Zhang W. Biomimetic Nano-Drug Delivery System: An Emerging Platform for Promoting Tumor Treatment. Int J Nanomed. 2024;19:571–608. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Sheikhpour M, Barani L, Kasaeian A. Biomimetics in drug delivery systems: A critical review. J Control Release. 2017;253:97–109. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Ngandeu Neubi GM, Opoku-Damoah Y, Gu X, Han Y, Zhou J, Ding Y. Bio-inspired drug delivery systems: an emerging platform for targeted cancer therapy. Biomater Sci. 2018;6:958–73. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Rahamim V, Azagury A. Bioengineered Biomimetic and Bioinspired Noninvasive Drug Delivery Systems. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31:2102033. [DOI]

23.

Sabu C, Rejo C, Kotta S, Pramod K. Bioinspired and biomimetic systems for advanced drug and gene delivery. J Control Release. 2018;287:142–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Wang X, Zhao X, Zhong Y, Shen J, An W. Biomimetic Exosomes: A New Generation of Drug Delivery System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:865682. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Shin H, Jo S, Mikos AG. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2003;24:4353–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Ma PX. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:184–98. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Shih CP, Tang X, Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Chen P. Design principles of bioinspired interfaces for biomedical applications in therapeutics and imaging. Front Chem. 2022;10:990171. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Suk JS, Xu Q, Kim N, Hanes J, Ensign LM. PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;99:28–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Krishnan J, Poomalai P, Ravichandran A, Reddy A, Sureshkumar R. A Concise Review on Effect of PEGylation on the Properties of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. ASSAY Drug Dev Technol. 2024;22:246–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Shi L, Zhang J, Zhao M, Tang S, Cheng X, Zhang W, et al. Effects of polyethylene glycol on the surface of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Nanoscale. 2021;13:10748–64. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

BaoLin G, Ma PX. Synthetic biodegradable functional polymers for tissue engineering: a brief review. Sci China Chem. 2014;57:490–500. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Biron RJ, Eagles DB, Lesnoy DC, Barlow SK, et al. Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 1994;12:689–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Hsu SH, Hung KC, Chen CW. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Mater Chem B. 2016;4:7493–505. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Zhang F, King MW. Biodegradable Polymers as the Pivotal Player in the Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9:e1901358. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Fozzard HA, Lee PJ, Lipkind GM. Mechanism of Local Anesthetic Drug Action on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:2671–86. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Fozzard HA, Sheets MF, Hanck DA. The Sodium Channel as a Target for Local Anesthetic Drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:68. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2018;11:35–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Lambrechts M, O'Brien MJ, Savoie FH, You Z. Liposomal extended-release bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2013;7:885–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Richard BM, Newton P, Ott LR, Haan D, Brubaker AN, Cole PI, et al. The Safety of EXPAREL® (Bupivacaine Liposome Injectable Suspension) Administered by Peripheral Nerve Block in Rabbits and Dogs. J Drug Deliv. 2012;2012:962101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Aggarwal N. Local anesthetics systemic toxicity association with exparel (bupivacaine liposome)- a pharmacovigilance evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;17:581–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Vyas KS, Rajendran S, Morrison SD, Shakir A, Mardini S, Lemaine V, et al. Systematic Review of Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel) for Postoperative Analgesia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138:748e–56e. [DOI]

42.

Wan M, Liang X, Meng J, Wu H, Xi C. Clinical Effectiveness of Perineural Liposomal Bupivacaine is Not Superior to Bupivacaine Hydrochloride for the Prevention of Postoperative Pain in Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. J Pain Res. 2025;18:3627–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Dinges HC, Wiesmann T, Otremba B, Wulf H, Eberhart LH, Schubert AK. The analgesic efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine compared with bupivacaine hydrochloride for the prevention of postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46:490–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Hussain N, Speer J, Abdallah FW. Analgesic Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Plain Local Anesthetics for Abdominal Fascial Plane Blocks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Anesthesiology. 2024;140:906–19. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Lu D, Huang Z, Peng H, Guo J, Xu Z, Yang N. Clinical outcomes of liposomal and conventional bupivacaine in postoperative pain management in female patients following thoracoscopic lung surgery. Sci Rep. 2025;15:40601. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Li Y, Chen Y, Xue Y, Jin J, Xu Y, Zeng W, et al. Injectable Hydrogel Delivery System with High Drug Loading for Prolonging Local Anesthesia. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2309482. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Shah J, Votta-Velis EG, Borgeat A. New local anesthetics. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2018;32:179–85. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Bagshaw KR, Hanenbaum CL, Carbone EJ, Lo KW, Laurencin CT, Walker J, et al. Pain Management Via Local Anesthetics and Responsive Hydrogels. Ther Deliv. 2015;6:165–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Zhang Q, Yang Q, Chen Z, Hou X, Qian S, Yang X, et al. Development and evaluation of a ropivacaine-loaded hydrogel for prolonged nerve blockade and local anesthesia. J Biomater Appl. 2025;40:1141–52. [DOI] [PubMed]

50.

Choi W, Aizik G, Ostertag-Hill CA, Kohane DS. A hybrid nanoparticle-protein hydrogel system for prolonged local anesthesia. Biomaterials. 2024;306:122494. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Ma H, Pan Z, Lai B, Zan C, Liu H. Recent Research Advances in Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Local Anesthetics. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2023;17:2639–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang S, Huang C, Ding Q, Xia J, et al. Emerging Anesthetic Nanomedicines: Current State and Challenges. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18:3913–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Sultana A, Zare M, Thomas V, Kumar TS, Ramakrishna S. Nano-based drug delivery systems: Conventional drug delivery routes, recent developments and future prospects. Med Drug Discov. 2022;15:100134. [DOI]

54.

Abdoullateef BMT, El-Din Al-Mofty S, Azzazy HME. Nanoencapsulation of general anaesthetics. Nanoscale Adv. 2024;6:1361–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Mehta M, Bui TA, Yang X, Aksoy Y, Goldys EM, Deng W. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug/Gene Delivery: An Overview of the Production Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development. ACS Mater Au. 2023;3:600–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Zhang Z, Yang S, Mi F, Yang Y, Song Q, Gao Y, et al. Nanoparticle-Reinforced Hydrogel with a Well-Defined Pore Structure for Sustainable Drug Release and Effective Wound Healing. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2025;8:1406–17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Zotikov D, Ponomareva N, Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Frolova A, Chulanov V, et al. Biological Nanoparticles for Enhancing Chronic Wound Regeneration. Cells. 2025;14:1637. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Guo B, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Ma Q, Ma M, Wang T. Recent advances in local anesthetic drug delivery systems based on natural polymers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2026;13:1727964. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Lu B, Wei L, Shi G, Du J. Nanotherapeutics for Alleviating Anesthesia‐Associated Complications. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2308241. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

Sabin KZ, Echeverri K. The role of the immune system during regeneration of the central nervous system. J Immunol Regen Med. 2020;7:100023. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Liu S, Liu S, Li S, Liang B, Han X, Liang Y, et al. Nerves within bone and their application in tissue engineering of bone regeneration. Front Neurol. 2023;13:1085560. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Al Mamun A, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Recent advances in the role of neuroregulation in skin wound healing. Burns Trauma. 2025;13:tkae072. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

63.

Kvistad CE, Kråkenes T, Gavasso S, Bø L. Neural regeneration in the human central nervous system—from understanding the underlying mechanisms to developing treatments. Where do we stand today? Front Neurol. 2024;15:1398089. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

64.

Varadarajan SG, Hunyara JL, Hamilton NR, Kolodkin AL, Huberman AD. Central nervous system regeneration. Cell. 2022;185:77–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

65.

Schaffer M, Beiter T, Becker HD, Hunt TK. Neuropeptides: mediators of inflammation and tissue repair? Arch Surg. 1998;133:1107–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Li R, Mukherjee MB, Jin Z, Liu H, Lin K, Liu Q, et al. The Potential Effect of General Anesthetics in Cancer Surgery: Meta-Analysis of Postoperative Metastasis and Inflammatory Cytokines. Cancers. 2023;15:2759. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

67.

Wang F, Li Y, Cui C, Xue Z, Ma H. Effects of Anesthetics on Barrier Tissue Function. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:5920620. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

68.

Zhuang H, Hu D, Singer D, Walker JV, Nisr RB, Tieu K, et al. Local anesthetics induce autophagy in young permanent tooth pulp cells. Cell Death Discov. 2015;1:15024. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

69.

Ishikawa M, Iwasaki M, Zhao H, Saito J, Hu C, Sun Q, et al. Inhalational Anesthetics Inhibit Neuroglioma Cell Proliferation and Migration via miR-138, -210 and -335. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:4355. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

70.

Malsy M, Graf B, Hofer V, Bitzinger D, Bundscherer A. Effect of Propofol and Etomidate on the Proliferation, Cell-cycle Distribution, Apoptosis and Necrosis of Pancreatic Tumour Cells. In Vivo. 2022;36:2722–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

71.

Combes FC, Reschke M, Saperstein RB. Topical Anesthesia. Effect on Tissue Regeneration. Anesthesiology. 1948;9:209. [DOI]

72.

VK AD, Ray S, Arora U, Mitra S, Sionkowska A, Jaiswal AKJFiB, et al. Dual drug delivery platforms for bone tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater. 2022;10:969843. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

73.

Bordini EAF, Ferreira JA, Dubey N, Ribeiro JS, de Souza Costa CA, Soares DG, et al. Injectable Multifunctional Drug Delivery System for Hard Tissue Regeneration under Inflammatory Microenvironments. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2021;4:6993–7006. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Mansouri Moghaddam M, Aghajanzadeh MS, Imani R. Engineering therapeutic scaffolds: integrating drug delivery with tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B. 2025;13:10780–835. [DOI] [PubMed]

75.

Farasati Far B, Safaei M, Nahavandi R, Gholami A, Naimi-Jamal MR, Tamang S, et al. Hydrogel Encapsulation Techniques and Its Clinical Applications in Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine: A Systematic Review. ACS Omega. 2024;9:29139–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Jeong SH, Kim M, Kim TY, Choi H, Hahn SK. Biomimetic Supramolecular Drug Delivery Hydrogels for Accelerated Skin Tissue Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7:4581–90. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Choi H, Choi WS, Jeong JO. A Review of Advanced Hydrogel Applications for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems as Biomaterials. Gels. 2024;10:693. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Slaughter BV, Khurshid SS, Fisher OZ, Khademhosseini A, Peppas NA. Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine. Adv Mater. 2009;21:3307–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Moraes FCA, Ferraz Barbosa B, Sepulvida D, Bordignon Barbosa C, Brochi LM, Figueroa ES, et al. Nile Tilapia Skin Xenograft Versus Silver-Based Dressings in the Management of Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13:1642. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Singh K, Yadav VB, Rai M, Nath G, Srivastava A, Saxena PS, et al. Green-synthesized silver-alginate-ciprofloxacin hydrogel: A multifaceted therapeutic for enhanced diabetic and burn Wound healing. J Biomater Appl. 2026;41:285–303. [DOI] [PubMed]

81.

Szot M, Zakrys M, Zakrys K, Stupnicki S, Oparcik A, Tarczykowski J, et al. Tilapia Skin in Burn Injuries: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Current Management, and Therapeutic Applications. Cureus. 2026;18:e102556. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

82.

Choi W, Kohane DS. Hybrid Nanoparticle–Hydrogel Systems for Drug Delivery Depots and Other Biomedical Applications. ACS Nano. 2024;18:22780–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

83.

Hsu XL, Wu LC, Hsieh JY, Huang YY. Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery System for Potential Ocular Applications. Polymers. 2021;13:642. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

84.

Yoon MS, Lee JM, Jo MJ, Kang SJ, Yoo MK, Park SY, et al. Dual-Drug Delivery Systems Using Hydrogel–Nanoparticle Composites: Recent Advances and Key Applications. Gels. 2025;11:520. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

85.

Singh K, Yadav VB, Yadav U, Nath G, Srivastava A, Zamboni P, et al. Evaluation of biogenic nanosilver-acticoat for wound healing: A tri-modal in silico, in vitro and in vivo study. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp. 2023;670:131575. [DOI]

86.

Pham DT, Navesit K, Wiwatkunupakarn L, Chomchalao P, Tiyaboonchai W. Nanoparticles-hydrogel composites: A promising innovative system for local antimicrobial applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;89:105055. [DOI]

87.

Santhini E, Parthasarathy R, Shalini M, Dhivya S, Mary LA, Padma VV. Bio inspired growth factor loaded self assembling peptide nano hydrogel for chronic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;197:77–87. [DOI] [PubMed]

88.

Xie C, Chen Y, Wang L, Liao K, Xue B, Han Y, et al. Recent research of peptide-based hydrogel in nervous regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2024;40:503–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Hudalla GA, Murphy WL. Biomaterials that Regulate Growth Factor Activity via Bioinspired Interactions. Adv Funct Mater. 2011;21:1754–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

90.

Gelain F, Bottai D, Vescovi A, Zhang S. Designer Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffolds for Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cell 3-Dimensional Cultures. PLoS ONE. 2006;1:e119. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

91.

Deshpande S, Sharma S, Koul V, Singh N. Core–Shell Nanoparticles as an Efficient, Sustained, and Triggered Drug-Delivery System. ACS Omega. 2017;2:6455–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Frykberg RG, Banks J. Challenges in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds. Adv Wound Care. 2015;4:560–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

93.

Adel IM, ElMeligy MF, Elkasabgy NA. Conventional and Recent Trends of Scaffolds Fabrication: A Superior Mode for Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:306. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

94.

Wang Y, Otte A, Park H, Park K. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) development for long-acting injectable drug products based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide). J Control Release. 2025;377:186–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

95.

Raikar AS, Kalaskar DM, Bhilegaonkar S, Somnache SN, Bodaghi M. Revolutionizing drug delivery by bioinspired 4D transdermal microneedles: Advances and future horizons. Eur Polym J. 2024;210:112952. [DOI]

96.

Gailey AD, Ostrum RF. The use of liposomal bupivacaine in fracture surgery: a review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18:267. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

97.

Nuschke A. Activity of mesenchymal stem cells in therapies for chronic skin wound healing. Organogenesis. 2013;10:29–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

98.

Office USGA. Technology Assessment: Regenerative Medicine—Therapeutic Applications, Challenges, and Policy Options [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; 2023;07;13. Available from: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105430

99.

Aoi T. [Regulatory landscape of regenerative medicine]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2023;120:987–92. Japanese. [DOI] [PubMed]

100.

Jeyaraman N, Shrivastava S, Rangarajan RV, Nallakumarasamy A, Ramasubramanian S, Devadas AG, et al. Challenges in the clinical translation of stromal vascular fraction therapy in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells. 2025;17:103775. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

101.

Chan S. Current and Emerging Global Themes in the Bioethics of Regenerative Medicine: The Tangled Web of Stem Cell Translation. Regen Med. 2017;12:839–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Giri R, Firdhos SH, Vida TA. Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesia: Enhancing Precision, Safety, and Global Access Through Data-Driven Systems. J Clin Med. 2025;14:6900. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]