Various growth factors involved in wound healing.
| Sources | Growth factors | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Macrophages, lymphocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts | GM-CSF | Promotes epidermal cell proliferation |
| Macrophages, lymphocytes | IL-1 | Promotes fibroblast proliferation and neutrophil chemotaxis |
| Platelets, macrophages, epithelial cells | TGF-alpha | Promotes cell proliferation and granulation tissue formation |
| Fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes, platelets | TGF-beta | Supports angiogenesis and collagen metabolism |
| Fibroblasts and plasma | IGF-1 | Mediates fibroblast proliferation and supports collagen and sulfated proteoglycan synthesis |
| Platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts | PDGF | Stimulates collagen metabolism and the proliferation of fibroblasts and neutrophils |
| Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and monocytes | G-CSF | Promotes the production and function of monocytes and neutrophils |
| Mast cells, T lymphocytes, macrophages | TNF | Promotes fibroblast proliferation |
| Macrophages, keratinocytes, platelets | EGF | Promotes keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and migration at the wound site |
| Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, fibroblasts | FGF | Promotes angiogenesis, fibroblast and epithelial cell proliferation, and wound contraction |
| Endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, tumor cells | HGF | Promotes neovascularization, granulation tissue formation, and re-epithelialization |
| Fibroblasts | KGF | Promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration |
| Platelets, neutrophils | VEGF | Promotes collateral vessel formation and angiogenesis |
During the preparation of this work, the authors used the Grammarly tool for language editing, grammar improvement, and formatting assistance. After utilizing the tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.
MF: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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