Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 8. Proposed standardization framework for CEM-based studies.

Parameter	Recommendation	Notes
Inoculation timing	ED5–10 for systemic studies; ED12–18 for immune response assessment	Adjust based on pathogen/study goal
Microbial dose	Report in CFU/μL or per egg; determine sublethal/lethal ranges via titration	Ensures reproducibility
Environmental conditions	Temperature 37–38°C; humidity 40–80%	Maintain consistently
Administration route	Specify in ovo vs. ex ovo, injection site, volume, and technique	Impacts survival/outcomes
Experimental endpoints	Embryo survival, pathogen colonization, immune markers, histology, imaging	Standardized readouts improve comparison
Replicates and controls	Include biological and technical replicates; positive/negative controls	Ensures statistical robustness

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CEM: chick embryo model.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

M.R. acknowledges that the foundational knowledge underpinning this study was developed during a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) project between AB Vista, ABITEC Corporation, and the University of Strathclyde.

Author contributions

MR: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. CO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MB: Project administration. ABM: Project administration. DK: Project administration. VAF: Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The publication of the article is not subject to any financial or other restrictions.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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