Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 7. Limitations of the CEM for biomedical and pharmacological applications.

Limitation	Description	Ref
Underdeveloped immunity	Adaptive immunity immature pre-hatch, limiting immune and immunotherapy studies	[110]
Ethical constraints	Studies after ED14 need approval	[111]
Limited systemic evaluation	Unsuitable for chronic or systemic studies, including toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism	[112]
Challenges modelling complex diseases	Immature development limits studies of neurodegeneration and advanced cancers	[13]
Ex ovo technical risks	Contamination, dehydration, and high mortality limit long-term reliability	[113, 114]

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CEM: chick embryo model.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

M.R. acknowledges that the foundational knowledge underpinning this study was developed during a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) project between AB Vista, ABITEC Corporation, and the University of Strathclyde.

Author contributions

MR: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. CO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MB: Project administration. ABM: Project administration. DK: Project administration. VAF: Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The publication of the article is not subject to any financial or other restrictions.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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