From:  Advancing infectious disease research through a chicken embryo model for developmental studies and antimicrobial screening of lipid nanoparticles

 Comparison with other non-mammalian models.

FeatureCEMCaenorhabditis elegans
[45, 71]
Zebrafish
[81]
Drosophila melanogaster
[83]
Galleria mellonella
[76, 77, 84, 85]
CostLow–moderateVery lowLowVery lowLow
ThroughputModerate–highVery highHighVery highModerate–high
Physiologic complexityOrgan growth, blood vessels, immune progressSimple anatomy, dynamicOrgan growth, immune progressSimple anatomy, no adaptive immunityInnate immunity only
Immune systemInnate + adaptive developInnate onlyInnate + partial adaptiveInnate onlyInnate only
Ease of manipulationModerate (in ovo/ex ovo, CAM access)EasyModerateEasyModerate
Clinical relevanceModerate–highLowModerateLowLow–moderate
Ethical issuesLess restriction before ED15MinimalLowMinimalLow