Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 5. Applications of PCR in the evaluation of biological responses to biomaterials

Application	Target genes	Model or system	Biological purpose	Benefits	Ref.
Quantification of the expression of inflammation/regeneration	IL6, iNOS, ACAN	Ex vivo model of intervertebral disc degeneration	Evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with collagen hydrogels to promote immunomodulation	Real-time tracking of the effectiveness of the treatment on the inflammatory pathology	[24]
Plasmonic thermocycling RT-qPCR for rapid diagnostics	SARS-CoV-2 RNA (including variants)	Human saliva and nasal specimens with a plasmonic nanoparticle-enhanced PCR system	Real-time detection and quantification of viral RNA in clinical samples	High sensitivity and specificity, reduced thermocycling time, compact and portable for point-of-care diagnostics	[76]
Evaluation of cardiac tissue response to conductive hydrogel	Cardiac-specific markers	Mouse intracardial injection model; 3D culture of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes	To assess the biocompatibility and functional integration of reverse thermal hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering	Enables minimally invasive delivery, in situ gelation, and evaluation of cardiac gene expression profiles	[77]
Improvement of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds for liver bioengineering	Nano-graphene oxide crosslinked decellularized liver scaffold	Mouse liver failure model	Liver tissue regeneration: an alternative to donor organ transplantation	Inhibits enzymatic degradation (MMPs); promotes M2 macrophage polarization; reduces inflammation; improves scaffold longevity and function	[78]

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MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; M2 macrophage: immune cells associated with a prohealing phenotype

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Daniela P. Gárnica-Robledo and Karla P. Martínez-Velázquez for their valuable collaboration during the conception of the idea of this article.

Author contributions

PUMG: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. LOEM: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. DSR, JMM, JSL, USA: Writing—original draft. BMN: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

LOEM thanks Mexico’s Secretary of Sciences, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SECIHTI) and the University of Guanajuato for the given scholarships. We thank SECIHTI for project CF-2023-I-2285. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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