Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 1. Applications of in situ hybridization (ISH) in biomaterials

Application	Type of biomaterial or system	Purpose of ISH	Benefits	Limitations	Ref.
Evaluation of osteoblasts at the bone–biomaterial interface	β-tricalcium phosphate hybridized with procollagen	Assess the temporal expression of osteogenic genes during new bone formation	High spatial and temporal resolution detects gene activity associated with bone remodeling	RNA degradation due to decalcification; no signal at early stages	[40]
Quantification of mRNA expression in cancer tissue samples	Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples	Quantitative detection of nucleic acid biomarkers	High signal-to-noise ratio; suitable for diagnostic pathology; works with FFPE tissues; cost-effective and sensitive	Complex procedures, possible uncertainty in results; image quality can be compromised in conventional single-molecule FISH (smFISH)	[41]
Non-invasive detection of endometrial cancer (EC)	Vaginal swabs from patients with suspected EC	Identification of genomic imbalances in exfoliated tumor cells	Non-invasive; high sensitivity and negative predictive value	Requires validation; false positives are possible; relies on the quality of brushing and cell preservation	[42]

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Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Daniela P. Gárnica-Robledo and Karla P. Martínez-Velázquez for their valuable collaboration during the conception of the idea of this article.

Author contributions

PUMG: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. LOEM: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. DSR, JMM, JSL, USA: Writing—original draft. BMN: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

LOEM thanks Mexico’s Secretary of Sciences, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SECIHTI) and the University of Guanajuato for the given scholarships. We thank SECIHTI for project CF-2023-I-2285. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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