Stages in PD pathology and α-synuclein aggregate locations
| PD stages | α-Synuclein aggregate location | Signs/symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Stage 1 | Olfactory bulb, dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, medulla oblongata, ENS, gut | Olfactory dysfunction, constipation, RBD |
| Stage 2 | Lower brainstem, cerebral cortex | Lowered blood pressure, continued stage 1 symptoms |
| Stage 3 | Midbrain, substantia nigra, amygdala | Cognitive impairment, thermoregulation disorder, continued stage 2 and previous symptoms |
| Stage 4 | Amygdala, basal prosencephalon, mesocortex | Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability, continued stage 3 and previous symptoms |
| Stage 5 | High order sensory association areas of neocortex, prefrontal neocortex | Motion fluctuation, fatigue, visual hallucinations, dementia, continued stage 4 and previous symptoms |
| Stage 6 | First order sensory association areas of neocortex, premotor areas, primary sensory areas, primary motor field | Continued stage 5 and previous symptoms |
ZL: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JL: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. IVS: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. WL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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© The Author(s) 2023.