GMFM-88: Gross Motor Function Measure-88; PBS: Pediatric Balance Scale; *IQR: interquartile range.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all children and their families who participated in this study for their cooperation and trust.
Author contributions
AI: Conceptualization, Project administration, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FAS: Supervision, Conceptualization, Project administration. SS: Supervision, Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki following ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Foundation University Medical College (ERC No. FF/FUMC/215-484/Phy/24) and trial registration on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06672328).
Consent to participate
All guardians of the children involved provided informed consent to inclusion of their wards in the study.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
All data remain confidential to date and may be obtained upon request from the corresponding author.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:1505–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chand P, Sultan T, Kulsoom S, Jan F, Ibrahim S, Mukhtiar K, et al. Spectrum of Common Pediatric Neurological Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study From Three Tertiary Care Centres Across Pakistan.Pediatr Neurol. 2023;138:33–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
McIntyre S, Goldsmith S, Webb A, Ehlinger V, Hollung SJ, McConnell K, et al. Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64:1494–506. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Stavsky M, Mor O, Mastrolia SA, Greenbaum S, Than NG, Erez O. Cerebral Palsy—Trends in Epidemiology and Recent Development in Prenatal Mechanisms of Disease, Treatment, and Prevention.Front Pediatr. 2017;5:21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Reid SM, Carlin JB, Reddihough DS. Classification of topographical pattern of spasticity in cerebral palsy: A registry perspective.Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:2909–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Barela JF, Jaspers Focks GM, Hilgeholt T, Barela AM, Carvalho R, Savelsbergh G. Perception-action and adaptation in postural control of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:2075–83. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hanif S, Zameer A, Waheed H, Zaidi F, Ahmed I, Choudary M. Quality of life in Children with Cerebral Palsy.Pak J Health Sci. 2023;4:70–4. [DOI]
Vitrikas K, Dalton H, Breish D. Cerebral Palsy: An Overview.Am Fam Physician. 2020;101:213–20.
Hoei-Hansen CE, Weber L, Johansen M, Fabricius R, Hansen JK, Viuff AF, et al. Cerebral Palsy – Early Diagnosis and Intervention Trial: protocol for the prospective multicentre CP-EDIT study with focus on diagnosis, prognostic factors, and intervention.BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:544. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bonini L, Rotunno C, Arcuri E, Gallese V. Mirror neurons 30 years later: implications and applications.Trends Cogn Sci. 2022;26:767–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Syrov D, Halme HL, Lajunen A, Nieminen H, Ilvesmäki T. Cortical activity during action observation in a P300-based BCI setting.Front Hum Neurosci. 2023;17:1180056. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tropea P, Infarinato F, Sterpi I, Ottaviani M, Antoniotti P, Romano P, et al. Action Observation Treatment for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Stroke: Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR Res Protoc. 2023;12:e42094. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang C, Li X, Wang H. Application of action observation therapy in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review.Brain Behav. 2023;13:e3157. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bertè F, Manuli A, Leo A, Bramanti A, et al. Robotic gait rehabilitation and substitution devices in neurological disorders: where are we now?Neurol Sci. 2016;37:503–14. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yu JA, Park J. The effect of first‐person perspective action observation training on upper extremity function and activity of daily living of chronic stroke patients.Brain Behav. 2022;12:e2565. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kirkpatrick E, Pearse J, James P, Basu A. Effect of parent‐delivered action observation therapy on upper limb function in unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58:1049–56. [DOI] [PubMed]
Simon-Martinez C, Mailleux L, Ortibus E, Fehrenbach A, Sgandurra G, Cioni G, et al. Combining constraint-induced movement therapy and action-observation training in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.BMC Pediatr. 2018;18:250. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jung Y, Chung EJ, Chun HL, Lee BH. Effects of whole-body vibration combined with action observation on gross motor function, balance, and gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study.J Exerc Rehabil. 2020;16:249–57. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jeong YA, Lee BH. Effect of Action Observation Training on Spasticity, Gross Motor Function, and Balance in Children with Diplegia Cerebral Palsy.Children. 2020;7:64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Magdy E, Hanna S, El-Syed Shoukry K. Effect of Action Observation Training on Gross Motor Functions in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.Egypt J Hosp Med. 2024;97:3820–6. [DOI]
Wood E, Rosenbaum P. The Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy: a study of reliability and stability over time.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:292–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Waninge A, Rook RA, Dijkhuizen A, Gielen E, van der Schans CP. Feasibility, test–retest reliability, and interrater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale and Modified Tardieu Scale in persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities.Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:613–20. [DOI] [PubMed]
Franjoine MR, Gunther JS, Taylor MJ. Pediatric Balance Scale: A Modified Version of the Berg Balance Scale for the School-Age Child with Mild to Moderate Motor Impairment.Pediatr Phys Ther. 2003;15:114–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Choi JY. Motor Function Measurement in Children: Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM).Ann Rehabil Med. 2024;48:301–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ko J, Kim M. Reliability and Responsiveness of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 in Children With Cerebral Palsy.Phys Ther. 2013;93:393–400. [DOI] [PubMed]
Buchignani B, Beani E, Pomeroy V, Iacono O, Sicola E, Perazza S, et al. Action observation training for rehabilitation in brain injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Neurol. 2019;19:344. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
