Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Table 1. Summary of non-pharmacological interventions and clinical evidence.

Intervention type	Mechanisms	Target population	Key outcomes	References
Exercise	↑ BDNF, ↑ mitochondrial function, ↓ inflammation	AD, PD, MCI, HD	Cognitive function, motor control, mood	[6, 25–28, 31–34]
Diet (Mediterranean, MIND)	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, gut–brain modulation	AD, PD, HD	Cognitive performance, disease progression	[11, 38, 46, 48, 50, 52]
Mind–Body (MBSR, Tai Chi, Yoga)	↓ HPA axis, ↑ neuroplasticity, ↓ cytokines	AD, PD, MS, HD	Cognition, balance, mood, QOL	[59, 62, 65, 70, 74]
Sensory and neuromodulatory	↑ Neurotransmitter modulation, ↓ inflammation, ↑ cortical connectivity	AD, PD, HD; dementia	Mood, cognition, sleep, motor function	[80, 81, 84, 87, 93, 94]

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↑: increases; ↓: decreases; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; HD: Huntington disease; MBSR: mindfulness-based stress reduction; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; MIND: Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay; MS: multiple sclerosis; PD: Parkinson’s disease; QOL: quality of life; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; HPA: hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal.

Declarations

Author contributions

SDG: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Visualization, Validation, Writing—original draft. SDG, RGD, NM, AC, and VE: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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