Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Table 3. Polymorphisms with high expression in MS reported in more than one study and with statistical significance.

Polymorphism	Author/Year	Number of participants	Pathological stage	Region/Population	OR	p-value
DRB115:01*	Briggs and Sept/2021	386	-	Europe	1.89	3.8 × 10^–3
	Chi et al./2019	3,777	-	Europe	2.45	2.45 × 10^–11
	Beecham et al./2022	2,652	-	Europe	1.83	9.63 × 10^–4
	Hedström et al./2021	13,950	-	Sweden	-	-
	Gontika et al./2020	440	RRMS-152, SPMS-130, PPMS-12	Greece	POMS: 1.94	2.5 × 10^–2
	Fguirouche et al./2025	685	-	Morocco	-	-
	Creary et al./2019	2,828	-	Euro-Americans	3.20	< 2.2 × 10^–16
	Beecham et al./2022	2,435	-	African Americans	1.91	3.48 × 10^–5
	Chi et al./2019	3,692	-	African Americans	2.00	1.26 × 10^–8
	da Silva Bernardes et al./2019	153	RRMS-24, SPMS-7, PPMS-6	Brazil	-	-
	Chi et al./2019	4,915	-	Asian Americans	1.88	7.26 × 10^–3
	Ogawa et al./2019	474	-	Japan	3.44	2.1 × 10^–5
	Watanabe et al./2021	528	RRMS-438, SPMS-70, PPMS-19	Japan	2.50	< 1 × 10^–3
DRB103:01*	Gontika et al./2020	440	RRMS-152, SPMS-130, PPMS-12	Greece	POMS: 2.44	4 × 10^–3
	Chi et al./2019	3,692	-	African Americans	1.45	2.61 × 10^–5
	Fguirouche et al./2025	685	-	Morocco	-	-
	Khdair et al./2025	140	-	Jordan	2.51	1.0 × 10^–2
DRB104:01*	Fguirouche et al./2025	685	-	Morocco	-	-
DRB104:01*	Khdair et al./2025	140	-	Jordan	18.28	4.0 × 10^–3
DRB115:03*	Boullerne et al./2024	2,504	-	Africa	-	-
DRB115:03*	Chi et al./2019	3,692	-	African Americans	1.37	8.11 × 10^–5
DQB106:02*	Beecham et al./2022	2,652	-	Europe	2.70	2.66 × 10^–24
	Akel et al./2022	100	RRMS-92, SPMS-8	Sweden	1.64	2.52 × 10^–5
	da Silva Bernardes et al./2019	153	RRMS-24, SPMS-7, PPMS-6	Brazil	-	-
	Ogawa et al./2019	474	-	Japan	3.45	3.0 × 10^–5
DPB103:01*	Beecham et al./2022	2,652	-	Europe	1.53	5.36 × 10^–5
DPB103:01*	Watanabe et al./2021	528	RRMS-438, SPMS-70, and PPMS-19	Japan	2.33	< 1 × 10^–3
DRB115:01~DQA101:02~DQB106:02*	Derdelinckx et al./2020	30	RRMS	Belgium	-	-
DRB115:01~DQA101:02~DQB106:02*	da Silva Bernardes et al./2019	153	RRMS-24, SPMS-7, and PPMS-6	Brazil	-	-
DRB115:01~DQB106:02	Mack et al./2019	831	-	Euro-Americans	3.98	2.22 × 10^–16
	Goodin et al./2021	2,460	-	African Americans	3.30	1.0 × 10^–4
	Goodin et al./2021	29,636	-	Europe	3.25	< 10^–168

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MS: multiple sclerosis; OR: odds ratio; RRMS: relapsing-remitting MS; SPMS: secondary progressive MS; PPMS: primary progressive MS; POMS: pediatric-onset MS.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1004147_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

LP: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. References articles are accessible on PubMed and Web of Science. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

The author AV thanks the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the financial support to the Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society — CERNAS (UIDB/00681/2025). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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