Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Table 2. Immunomodulatory effects of stem cell-derived exosomes in neuroinflammation.

Immune target	Exosomal cargo	Effect on immune cell	Experimental context	Functional outcome
Microglia	miR-146a, miR-124	Shifts phenotype from M1 → M2	Stroke, PD models	↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↑ trophic activity
Astrocytes	miR-21, miR-124	↓ GFAP, ↓ glial scar	Spinal cord injury, ischemia	↑ Neurite regeneration
T cells	Surface ligands, miR-155 inhibitors	↑ Treg proliferation, ↓ cytotoxic T-cell infiltration	Autoimmune & injury models	↓ Peripheral inflammation
Systemic cytokines	Exosomal miRNAs	↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6	Multiple CNS disorders	↓ Neuroinflammation, ↑ repair environment
Peripheral macrophages	Exosomal proteins (Annexin-A1, Alix)	Modulate antigen presentation	MCAO and PD models	↓ Microglial activation

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CNS: central nervous system; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; miRNA: microRNA; PD: Parkinson’s disease; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; Treg: regulatory T-cell.

Declarations

Author contributions

AWI: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ZKR: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HSW: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. BS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SH: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SRK: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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