IC50 values were derived from four-parameter logistic (4PL) nonlinear regression in OriginPro and are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3 biological replicates); E12: extract 12 h; E24: extract 24 h.
We sincerely thank Universitas Diponegoro for its World-Class University Program and the Adjunct Professor Program 2025 for their valuable academic support. Finally, we extend our appreciation to the researchers and colleagues who contributed technical and intellectual assistance throughout this study.
Author contributions
ALNA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing—original draft. RS: Writing—original draft, Data curation, Investigation. BFAk: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. MA: Software, Writing—review & editing, Data curation. MAS: Writing—original draft, Data curation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Funding
Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia, through the research grant [25.I.A/UN7.F8/PP/II/2024]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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