Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

From: The long-term neuroprotective effects of calcium (Ca²⁺) modulation in ischemic stroke: a systematic review from animal models

Table 2. ROBINS-I risk of bias assessment for included studies.

Study	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants	Bias in classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Cuomo et al., 2022 [1]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Dhyani et al., 2023 [2]	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Serious
Park et al., 2024 [3]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Secondo et al., 2019 [4]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Tang et al., 2015 [5]	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Serious
Wang et al., 2025 [6]	Serious	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious	Serious
Zhang et al., 2023 [7]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Zhang et al., 2025 [8]	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Serious	Serious
Zhao et al., 2022 [9]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate

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Declarations

Acknowledgments

We express our sincere gratitude to our supervisors for their invaluable guidance during the preparation of this systematic review. We also thank the library staff for facilitating access to relevant databases and literature. Lastly, we appreciate the support of our colleagues and families throughout this process.

Author contributions

PKS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RMJ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SAS: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. AD: Data curation, Methodology, Visualization. ADG: Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. BBB: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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