From:  Analyzing the therapeutic and preventive potential of probiotics in Alzheimer’s disease: a scoping review

 Risk of bias assessment of key randomized controlled trials on probiotics in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (adapted using Cochrane RoB 2 tool).

Study (author, year)Randomization processAllocation concealmentBlinding (participants/personnel)Incomplete outcome dataSelective reportingOverall risk of bias
Akbari et al. [3], 2016Low—random sequence generation clearly describedLow—allocation adequately concealedLow—blinding of participants and personnel ensuredLow—no missing outcome dataLow—all prespecified outcomes reportedLow
Akhgarjand et al. [40], 2022Low—random sequence generation describedUnclear—allocation concealment not clearly describedLow—blinding reported, method not specifiedLow—complete outcome data reportedUnclear—study protocol not available, possible selective reportingMostly low, with unclear allocation concealment and potential selective reporting
Hsu et al. [41], 2024Low—random sequence generation describedLow—allocation adequately concealedLow—blinding ensuredLow—complete outcome data reportedLow—all prespecified outcomes reportedLow
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RoB 2: Risk of Bias 2.