From:  Therapeutic potential of microRNAs in neurological disorders: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies

 Advances in miRNA synthesis technologies

AdvancementDescriptionReference
Chemical synthesisImprovements in chemical synthesis methods have enhanced the effectiveness and precision of miRNA manufacturing, allowing for high purity and yield.[120]
Enzymatic synthesisEnzymatic techniques using RNA polymerases and ribonucleases enable large-scale production of miRNAs with site-specific labeling and modified nucleotides.[120]
In vitro transcription (IVT)IVT employs T7 or T3 RNA polymerases to produce miRNAs, allowing for the addition of modified nucleotides to enhance stability and binding affinity.[121]
Chemical modificationsAdvances in chemical modifications improve miRNA stability, target selectivity, and distribution, enhancing pharmacokinetics and cellular absorption.[120]
DNA-encoded miRNA librariesSynthesis of DNA-encoded miRNA libraries facilitates high-throughput screening of miRNA-mRNA interactions for broader functional studies.[121]
miRNA precursor engineeringOptimizing secondary structures of miRNA precursors enhances processing efficiency and reduces off-target effects.[25]
High-output synthesisHigh-throughput synthesis platforms enable the rapid creation of miRNA libraries for functional genomics and drug development.[121]
Genome editing toolsAdvances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology allow precise modification of endogenous miRNA expression for physiological studies.[122]
Profiling and next-generation sequencing (NGS)NGS technology enables high-resolution profiling of miRNAs, facilitating detailed investigation of expression patterns and target identification.[123]

miRNA: microRNA; mRNA: messenger RNA