Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Table 4. The Cox proportional hazards model ratio (HR) for each variable and its interaction with having COVID-19 infection in stroke patients

Variables	Main variable			Interaction with COVID-19 infection
Variables	Beta	HR	P value	Beta	HR	P value
Age	0.012	1.012	0.115	0.009	1.009	0.006
Gender	–0.070	0.932	0.780	0.407	1.502	0.006
Hx of hypertension	–0.007	0.993	0.978	0.786	2.194	0.006
Hx of atrial fibrillation	–0.042	0.959	0.916	0.649	1.913	0.357
Hx of cardiac valvular disease	0.988	2.687	0.006	–0.652	0.521	0.233
Hx of ischemic heart disease	–0.251	0.778	0.486	1.080	2.945	0.055
Hx of diabetes melitus	–0.714	0.490	0.037	1.341	3.824	0.004
Hx of any comorbidity	–0.039	0.962	0.892	0.672	1.958	0.010
Number of previous comorbidities	0.006	1.006	0.946	0.281	1.324	0.012
Hx of smoking	–0.842	0.431	0.069	0.446	1.563	0.685
Hx of alcohol consumption	–1.374	0.253	0.185	–12.484	0.000004	0.990
Ischemic stroke (arterial)	–0.567	0.567	0.031	1.081	2.947	< 0.001
Venous stroke	–1.346	0.260	> 0.999	0	1	> 0.999
Intracerebral hemorrhage	0.294	1.342	0.258	–0.017	0.983	0.965
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	0.257	1.293	0.618	0.138	1.147	0.903
Anterior circulation	–0.100	0.904	0.724	0.445	1.560	0.090
Posterior circulation	–0.293	0.746	0.442	1.220	3.388	0.033
Mixed circulation	–0.739	0.478	0.463	2.087	8.064	0.071
ACA stroke	–13.999	8e–07	> 0.999	0	1	> 0.999
MCA stroke	–0.321	0.725	0.231	0.600	1.822	0.117
PCA stroke	–1.142	0.319	0.258	4.176	65.099	0.004
ICA stroke	–0.920	0.399	0.362	2.950	19.102	0.008
Initial NIHSS	0.107	1.113	< 0.001	0.009	1.009	0.575
MRS before stroke	0.234	1.264	0.162	0.148	1.16	0.457
MRS during admission	0.795	2.214	< 0.001	0.009	1.009	0.884
Need for mechanical ventilation	3.653	38.585	< 0.001	0	1	0.999

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The first column presents the HR for the variable alone, and the second column displays the interaction of that variable with COVID-19, indicating how much COVID-19 has increased the hazard rate due to that variable. Hx: history; ACA: anterior cerebral artery; MCA: middle cerebral artery; PCA: posterior cerebral artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; MRS: Modified Rankin Scale

Declarations

Author contributions

MAD: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. ST: Conceptualization, Data curation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FM, TK, MRG, TL, MH, ZS, and RY: Investigation. ZM: Supervision, Conceptualization, Software. SMT: Writing—review & editing. MM: Resources, Validation. AHV: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (approval number: IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1400.431).

Consent to participate

Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the participants.

Consent to publication

Written informed consent to publication of the study was obtained from the participants.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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