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From: Obstetric implications of maternal chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Table 2. Pregnancy complications in which demonstrable effects of chronic HBV infection have been reported

Pregnancy complication	Effect of HBV carrier status	References
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)	Increased	[7–17]
Pre-eclampsia (PE)	Increased superimposed PE	[12]
Pre-eclampsia (PE)	Reduced	[22, 24, 27, 39, 40]
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)/gestational hypertension (GH)	Increased	[12, 47, 48]
	Reduced	[22, 24, 27, 39]
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP)	Increased	[26, 27, 50]
Preterm birth (PTB)	Increased	[12, 13, 19, 23, 51, 53–57]
	Correlated with second trimester HBV DNA level	[48]
	Increased in vaginal delivery	[27]
Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM)	Increased	[23, 26]
Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM)	Reduced	[27]
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH)/placental abruption (PA)	Increased	[8, 23]
	Increased with hepatitis C virus co-infection	[19]
	Increased in vaginal delivery	[27]
Placenta praevia (PP)	No effect	[8, 11, 21, 61]
Caesarean delivery (CD)	Increased	[16, 23, 24, 48]
Caesarean delivery (CD)	Reduced	[19]
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH)	Increased	[24, 27, 65]

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