Distribution of samples across different demographic groups
Demographic
Total
Cognitively normal
Cognitively impaired
P-value
Total
Control (Tested as normal)
Normal cognition (Not tested, deemed normal)
Total
MCI
Mild dementia
Moderate dementia
Size, n
127
72
60
13
55
12
26
17
NA
Education group (Mode)
College graduate (35%)
College graduate (38%)
College graduate (47%)
Some college (61%)
High school graduate (35%)
College graduate (58%)
High school graduate (46%)
High school graduate (35%)
< 0.001
Sex (M/F)
67/60
41/32
36/24
5/8
27/28
8/4
11/15
8/9
0.005
Age (SD)
80.5 ± 1.6
72.2 ± 2.3
77.8 ± 2.6
80.0 ± 4.9
83.4 ± 1.9
81.1 ± 5.3
83.8 ± 2.5
84.6 ± 3.5
< 0.001
SD: standard deviation
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the dedication of the Framingham Heart Study participants without whom this research would not be possible. We also thank the FHS study staff for their many years of hard work in the examination of subjects and acquisition of data.
Author contributions
LZ, AN, and RHG contributed to the conception and design of the study. CMP, JAT, and HB contributed to refinement of the design of the study. AN performed the statistical analysis. LZ, AN, and RHG drafted the manuscript. CMP, JAT, HB, and RA critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
RA has received grant funding support from Biogen. She serves on the scientific advisory boards of Signant Health and Novo Nordisk, and is a scientific consultant to Biogen; none of which have any conflict of interest with the contents of this project. RHG reports personal fees from BrainCheck outside the submitted work and reports receiving stock options from BrainCheck.
Ethical approval
The Framingham Heart Study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Boston University Medical Center.
Consent to participate
All participants provided written consent to the study.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Given that the text transcripts, demographic, and neuropsychological test data contain personal information, the dataset used in the current study is not publicly available. However, the scripts and tools are available upon request.
Funding
This work was partially supported by the National Library of Medicine Training Grant (T15LM007442; Authors JAT and HAB), National Science Foundation NRT Grant (1735095; Author LZ), Framingham Heart Study’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contract (N01-HC-25195; HHSN268201500001I), and NIH grants from the National Institute on Aging (AG008122, AG016495, AG033040, AG049810, AG054156, AG062109, AG068753) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency FA8750-16-C-0299. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institutes of Health or the US Department of Health and Human Services. The funding agencies had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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