Data are presented as mean (SD), median (IQR: Q1–Q3), numbers (n), and % percentage. GMFCS: Gross Motor Function Classification System; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the children and their parents for their time and experiences.
Author contributions
AM: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing—original draft. GK: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—original draft. PD: Visualization, Writing—original draft. EAK: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Physiotherapy Department, University of Thessaly (Protocol ID-719/23-9-2021).
Consent to participate
Parents of all participants were fully informed about the aims of the study, and they provided written informed consent.
Consent to publication
All parents of all participants were informed in advance, and consent was obtained for publication.
Availability of data and materials
Data from the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding
The authors reported that there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
Cetin SY, Erel S. Investigation of the validity and reliability of the L test in children with cerebral palsy.Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;38:182–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Das SP, Ganesh GS. Evidence-based Approach to Physical Therapy in Cerebral Palsy.Indian J Orthop. 2019;53:20–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
VAN Tittelboom V, Alemdaroğlu-Gürbüz I, Hanssen B, Plasschaert F, Heyrman L, Feys H, et al. Reliability of functional tests of the lower limbs and core stability in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;57:738–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zheng J, Hou M, Liu L, Wang X. Knowledge Structure and Emerging Trends of Telerehabilitation in Recent 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis via CiteSpace.Front Public Health. 2022;10:904855. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Button AM, Webster EK, Kracht CL, Hendrick C, Okely A, Chong KH, et al. Validation of remote assessment of preschool children's anthropometrics and motor skills.Front Digit Health. 2023;5:1168618. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rodríguez Mariblanca M, Cano de la Cuerda R. Aplicaciones móviles en la parálisis cerebral infantil.Neurología. 2021;36:135–48. [DOI] [PubMed]
Saether R, Helbostad JL, Riphagen II, Vik T. Clinical tools to assess balance in children and adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55:988–99. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kumban W, Amatachaya S, Emasithi A, Siritaratiwat W. Five-times-sit-to-stand test in children with cerebral palsy: Reliability and concurrent validity.NeuroRehabilit: Int Interdiscip J. 2013;32:9–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chrysagis N, Skordilis EK, Tsiganos G, Koutsouki D. Validity evidence of the Lateral Step Up (LSU) test for adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy.Disabil Rehabil. 2012;35:875–80. [DOI] [PubMed]
Romin E, Lindgren A, Rodby-Bousquet E, Cloodt E. Sit-to-stand performance in children with cerebral palsy: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25:460. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nicolini-Panisson RD, Donadio MV. Normative values for the Timed ‘Up and Go’ test in children and adolescents and validation for individuals with Down syndrome.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;56:490–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Alsakhawi RS, Elshafey MA. Effect of Core Stability Exercises and Treadmill Training on Balance in Children with Down Syndrome: Randomized Controlled Trial.Adv Ther. 2019;36:2364–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kembhavi G, Darrah J, Magill-Evans J, Loomis J. Using the Berg Balance Scale to Distinguish Balance Abilities in Children with Cerebral Palsy.Pediatr Phys Ther. 2002;14:92–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Her J, Woo J, Ko J. Reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale in the Assessment of the Children with Cerebral Palsy.J Phys Ther Sci. 2012;24:301–5. [DOI]
Martín-Díaz P, Carratalá-Tejada M, Molina-Rueda F, Cuesta-Gómez A. Reliability and agreement of the timed up and go test in children and teenagers with autism spectrum disorder.Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182:3577–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lai B, Wadsworth D, Spring K, Jones CS, Mintz M, Malone LA, et al. Validity and Reliability of a Telehealth Physical Fitness and Functional Assessment Battery for Ambulatory Youth With and Without Mobility Disabilities: Observational Measurement Study.JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2024;11:e50582. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ros-DeMarize R, Chung P, Stewart R. Pediatric behavioral telehealth in the age of COVID-19: Brief evidence review and practice considerations.Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2021;51:100949. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lima CRG, Verdério BN, de Abreu RWF, Brugnaro BH, Dos Santos AN, Dos Santos MM, et al. Telemonitoring of motor skills using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale for at-risk infants in the first year of life.J Telemed Telecare. 2022;30:885–94. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ogourtsova T, Boychuck Z, O'Donnell M, Ahmed S, Osman G, Majnemer A. Telerehabilitation for Children and Youth with Developmental Disabilities and Their Families: A Systematic Review.Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2022;43:129–75. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kortianou E, Tsimouris D, Mavronasou A, Lekkas S, Kazatzis N, Apostolara Z, et al. Application of a home-based exercise program combined with tele-rehabilitation in previously hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A feasibility, single-cohort interventional study.Pneumon. 2022;35:1–10. [DOI]
Mavronasou A, Asimakos A, Vasilopoulos A, Katsaounou P, Kortianou EA. Remote administration of the short physical performance battery, the 1-minute sit to stand, and the Chester step test in post-COVID-19 patients after hospitalization: establishing inter-reliability and agreement with the face-to-face assessment.Disabil Rehabil. 2023;46:5334–44. [DOI] [PubMed]
Panagiotopoulou E, Mavronasou A, Spanos S, Kortianou EA. Tele-assessment of Berg balance scale, timed-up, go and box and block test in patients with chronic stroke: establishing agreement with the face-to-face assessment.Int J Clin Trials. 2024;11:84–90. [DOI]
Dhote SN, Khatri PA, Ganvir SS. Reliability of "Modified timed up and go" test in children with cerebral palsy.J Pediatr Neurosci. 2012;7:96–100. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yi SH, Hwang JH, Kim SJ, Kwon JY. Validity of Pediatric Balance Scales in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.Neuropediatrics. 2012;43:307–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Eagles D, Perry JJ, Sirois MJ, Lang E, Daoust R, Lee J, et al. Timed Up and Go predicts functional decline in older patients presenting to the emergency department following minor trauma.Age Ageing. 2016;46:214–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Laspa V, Besios T, Xristara A, Tsigaras G, Milioudi M, Mauromoustakos S, et al. Reliability and Clinical Significance of the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in the Greek Language in Children Aged 4 to 18 Years.Open J Prev Med. 2020;10:73–81. [DOI]
Güngör F, Ovacık U, Ertan Harputlu Ö, Yekdaneh AA, Kurt İ, Ertürk Uzunoğlu G, et al. Tele-assessment of core performance and functional capacity: Reliability, validity, and feasibility in healthy individuals.J Telemed Telecare. 2022;30:1017–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research.J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bland JM, Altman DG. Measuring agreement in method comparison studies.Stat Methods Med Res. 1999;8:135–60. [DOI] [PubMed]
Weir JP. Quantifying Test-Retest Reliability Using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the SEM.J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19:231–40. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lu WS, Wang CH, Lin JH, Sheu CF, Hsieh CL. The minimal detectable change of the simplified stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement measure.J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:615–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bottcher L, Flachs EM, Uldall P. Attentional and executive impairments in children with spastic cerebral palsy.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:e42–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:1505–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Üneş S, Tunçdemir M, Özal C, Delioğlu K, Seyhan Bıyık K, Kerem Günel M. Tele-assessment of trunk control in children with cerebral palsy: Intra- and inter-rater reliability, and validity of the trunk control measurement scale.J Telemed Telecare. 2025;32:266–74. [DOI] [PubMed]
Heyrman L, Molenaers G, Desloovere K, Verheyden G, De Cat J, Monbaliu E, et al. A clinical tool to measure trunk control in children with cerebral palsy: The Trunk Control Measurement Scale.Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:2624–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kwong PWH, Ng SSM. Reliability of the Lateral Step‐Up Test and Its Correlation with Motor Function and Activity in Chronic Stroke Survivors.BioMed Res Int. 2020;2020:7859391. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vaz S, Falkmer T, Passmore AE, Parsons R, Andreou P. The Case for Using the Repeatability Coefficient When Calculating Test–Retest Reliability.PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73990. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rebold MJ, Kobak MS, Croall CA, Cumberledge EA, Hall M, Raumikaitis L. The Experimental Effect of Parental Attentiveness on Children’s Physical Activity Behavior.Asian J Kinesiol. 2021;23:12–20. [DOI]
