Exploration of Medicine

Table 4. Dynamics of laboratory parameters of patients with hypertension on the background of ongoing therapy

Indicator		Group 1 АН without MS M ± m	Group 2 AН and MS M ± m	Group 3 AН and DМ M ± m
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	Initially	4.85 ± 0.62	6.02 ± 0.61^#	5.96 ± 0.78^∆
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	At the end of observation	4.77 ± 0.59^"	5,91 ± 0.58^"#	5,51 ± 0.60^"∆
non-HDL, mmol/L	Initially	3.89 ± 0.35	5.13 ± 0.31^#	4.78 ± 0.24^∆
non-HDL, mmol/L	At the end of observation	3.42 ± 0.42	5.05 ± 0.46^#	4.65 ± 0.62^∆
LDL, mmol/L	Initially	3.09 ± 0.47	3.38 ± 0.44	3.71 ± 0.36
LDL, mmol/L	At the end of observation	3.07 ± 0.38^"	3.26 ± 0.51	3.42 ± 0.42
Creatinine, µmol/L	Initially	74.57 ± 8.36	71.63 ± 6.80	94.93 ± 8.73^∆*
Creatinine, µmol/L	At the end of observation	70.82 ± 7.84^"	69.14 ± 5.53^"	87.64 ± 5.45^"∆*
Basal glucose, mmol/L	Initially	5.07 ± 0.61	5.18 ± 0.73	7.42 ± 1.07^∆*
Basal glucose, mmol/L	At the end of observation	5.01 ± 0.79	5.13 ± 0.85	6.89 ± 0.91^"∆*
НbА1с, %	Initially	-	-	7.31 ± 0.9
НbА1с, %	At the end of observation	-	-	7.04 ± 0.5^"
Uric acid, µmol/L	Initially	292.31 ± 62.37	412.75 ± 76.43^#	378.19 ± 58.28^∆
Uric acid, µmol/L	At the end of observation	259.86 ± 43.22^"	401.53 ± 77.76^#	364.43 ± 63.55^∆
hsCRP, mg/L	Initially	1.81 ± 0.57	3.43 ± 0.93^#	3.50 ± 0.77^∆
hsCRP, mg/L	At the end of observation	1.69 ± 0.64	3.12 ± 0.61^"	3.11 ± 0.54^"

Return to article view

^# P < 0.05 comparing groups 1 and 2; ^∆ P < 0.05 comparing groups 1 and 3; ^* P < 0.05 comparing groups 2 and 3; ^" P < 0.05 for intragroup comparison (initial and at the end of the study). M ± m, where M is the mean value, m is the standard deviation. AH: arterial hypertension; MS: metabolic syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; НbА1с: the serum levels of glycated haemoglobin

Declarations

Author contributions

AAS: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. MAO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. INV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MVT: Project administration, Writing—original draft. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was carried out taking into account international rules and ethical standards developed on the basis of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki «Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects». The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Sechenov University (Extract from the Protocol of the 17–24 meeting dated 04.07.2024).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Kobalava ZhD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, Shlyakhto EV, Arutyunov GP, Baranova EI, et al. 2024 Clinical practice guidelines for Hypertension in adults. Russ J Cardiol. 2024;29:6117. Russian. [DOI]

Roumie CL, Hung AM, Russell GB, Basile J, Kreider KE, Nord J, et al.; SPRINT Research Group. Blood Pressure Control and the Association With Diabetes Mellitus Incidence: Results From SPRINT Randomized Trial. Hypertension. 2020;75:331–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Kobalava ZhD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, Shlyakhto EV, Arutyunov GP, Baranova EI, et al. Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russ J Cardiol. 2020;25:3786. Russian. [DOI]

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41:1874–2071. [DOI] [PubMed]

Morozova TE, Samokhina EO. Fixed-dose combinations in the treatment of hypertension to increase adherence. Russ J Cardiol. 2020;25:4184. Russian. [DOI]

Moiseev VC, Mukhin NA, Smirnov AV, Kobalava JD, Bobkova IN, Villevalde S, et al. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: cardio-nephroprotection strategies. Russ J Cardiol. 2014;8:7–37. Russian. [DOI]

Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Bavishi C, Rimoldi SF. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Hypertension: To Use or Not to Use? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:1474–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

Gendlin GE, Miller OA, Melekhov AV. Evidence-based choice of ace inhibitors. Russ J Cardiol. 2012;4:87–92. Russian.

Chesnikova AI, Koshenskaja IN, Terentyev VP, Mozhaeva NN, Bedareva IV, Lavrik LA, et al. Ramipril efficacy in patients with arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Rational Pharmacother Card. 2008;2:41–6. Russian. [DOI]

10.

Osadchuk MA, Vasil’eva IN, Mironova ED, Khudarova AA, Korzhenkov NP. Corrective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the daily profile of blood pressure and somnological characteristics in elderly patients with combined cardiac pathology. Med News North Caucasus. 2019;14:448–53. Russian. [DOI]

11.

Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

The PREAMI Investigators. PREAMI: Perindopril and Remodelling in Elderly with Acute Myocardial Infarction: study rationale and design. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2000;14:671–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Group PC; PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033–41. Erratum in: Lancet 2001;358:1556. Erratum in: Lancet 2002;359:2120. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Sleight P. The HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation). J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000;1:18–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, Doris C, Yi Q, Smith S, et al.; SECURE Investigators. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation. 2001;103:919–25. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, et al.; ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:895–906. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Mychka VB, Zhernakova YV, Chazova IY. Society of Cardiology of the Russian Federation: Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (2nd revision). Doctor.Ru. 2010;3:15–18. Russian.

18.

Sadovnikov PS, Olkhovik AY, Gurevich VS. Calculation method for the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on the basis of the lipid metabolism modern paradigm. J Atheroscler Dyslipidemias. 2022;3:21–8. Russian.

19.

WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants [Internet]. World Medical Association; c2025 [cited 2025 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects

20.

Nikolaev YA, Polyakov VY, Mitrofanov IM, Sevostyanova EV, Kovrigin II. Polymorbidity and indicators of carbohydrate, lipid and purine metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension. Sib Sic Med J. 2021:41:48–53. Russian. [DOI]

21.

Drapkina OM, Kontsevaya AV, Kalinina AM, Avdeev SM, Agaltsov MV, Alexandrova LM, et al. 2022 Prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation. National guidelines. Cardiovasc Ther Prev. 2022;21:3235. Russian. [DOI]

22.

Osadchuk MA, Vasilieva IN, Kozlov VV, Mitrokhina OI. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for oncogenesis. Russ J Prev Med. 2023;26:70–9. [DOI]

23.

Rawshani A, McGuire DK, Omerovic E, Sattar N, McMurray JJV, Smith U, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1192. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Drapkina OM, Mazurov VI, Martynov AI, Gaidukova IZ, Duplyakov DV, Nevzorova VA, et al. “Focus on hyperuricemia”. The resolution of the Expert Council. Cardiovasc Ther Prev. 2023;22:3564. Russian. [DOI]

25.

Zhelyabina OA, Eliseev MS, Sosin DN, Levin ME. Uric acid and mental disorders. Russ Med Inquiry. 2023;7:460–6. Russian. [DOI]

26.

Zhernakova YV. Modern ideas about the consequences of hyperactivation of the sympathoadrenal system in patients with arterial hypertension with metabolic disorders: modulation possibilities. Russ J Cardiol. 2023;28:5681. Russian. [DOI]

27.

Sidorov AV. Influence Of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors And Beta-Adrenoblockers On The Neurohormones’ Levels In A Heart Failure Model In Rats [dissertation]. Physico-Chemical Biology. Bulletin of N.I. Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod; 2012. pp. 230–5.

28.

Murkamilov IT, Sabirov IS, Fomin VV, Yusupov FA. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial wall stiffness: New targets in diabetic nephropathy. Ter Arkh. 2017;89:87–94. Russian. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Bezuglova EI, Luneva YV, Kornilov AA, Povetkin SV. Assessment of Efficacy of Combined Pharmacotherapy With Fixed Perindopril/Amlodipine Combination in Patients With Combined Cardiovascular Pathology in Outpatient Practice. Kardiologiia. 2018;58:37–42. Russian. [DOI]

30.

Cacciatore F, Bruzzese G, Vitale DF, Liguori A, Nigris Fd, Fiorito C, et al. Effects of ACE inhibition on circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular damage, and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:877–83. [DOI] [PubMed]