Differences between groups by measurement time point for ankle primary and secondary outcome measures

VariablesPJM (n = 15)AJM (n = 15)
Baselines (A)Post-test (B)Baselines (A)Post-test (B)
Cumberland ankle instability tool
Mean ± SD (point)19.67 ± 4.0325.87 ± 5.7620.73 ± 3.9224.33 ± 4.69
B–A (Cohen’s d)6.20** (1.248)3.60* (0.834)
t (95% CI)1.659 (–0.61 to 5.81)
Dorsiflexion range of motion
Mean ± SD (°)21.73 ± 7.8135.13 ± 7.4224.13 ± 10.4340.07 ± 4.95
B–A (Cohen’s d)13.40** (1.758)15.93** (1.951)
t (95% CI)–0.839 (–8.72 to 3.65)
Joint position sense
Mean ± SD (%)38.79 ± 10.3852.54 ± 15.3242.44 ± 11.3158.41 ± 13.20
B–A (Cohen’s d)13.75* (1.051)15.97** (1.300)
t (95% CI)–0.513 (–11.11 to 6.66)
Static balance
Mean ± SD (%)77.63 ± 14.7782.63 ± 10.8677.10 ± 12.6082.89 ± 9.76
B–A (Cohen’s d)5.01 (0.386)5.79 (0.514)
t (95% CI)–0.179 (–9.72 to 8.16)

* p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001. AJM: active joint mobilization; CI: confidence interval; PJM: passive joint mobilization