Table Info

Table 2.

Variables associated with opioid cessation at P < 0.01 in the (A) African American and (B) European ancestry groups

(A) African American
	Variable	OR	P-value
Drug related	Time since 1st opioid treatment^*	1.56	1.90E-04
	Older age at first opioid symptoms^$	0.46	2.23E-05
	Number of years using heroin^$	0.55	5.78E-06
	Depressed after reducing cocaine use	0.53	4.05E-03
	Time since last injected cocaine^*	2.30	9.11E-06
	Time since last used cocaine^*	1.82	9.19E-05
	Time since last stayed high in cocaine^*	1.41	2.93E-03
	Used cocaine < 11 times within year of interview	2.67	1.38E-03
	Treated in outpatient program for cocaine use	1.88	4.06E-03
	Time since of first cocaine craving^*	0.71	1.59E-03
	Never injected cocaine	2.53	1.75E-03
	Often used marijuana more than intended to	0.40	5.67E-04
	Mixed alcohol and drugs > 3 times in 12 months	0.51	2.08E-03
	Time since last had alcohol symptoms lasting > 1 month^*	1.45	2.84E-03
	Smoked less frequently after waking up	1.75	7.76E-03
	Older age at first cigarette^$	1.31	6.24E-03
	Had 2 marijuana symptoms lasting a month	2.13	4.83E-03
Other Health	HIV positive	2.47	1.39E-03
Other Health	Health has always been better than now	0.62	9.64E-03
Demographic	Female sex	1.91	1.83E-03
Demographic	Current age	2.44	1.41E-12

(B) European ancestry

	Variable	OR	P-value
Drug related	Time since last cocaine use^*	1.91	3.30E-15
	Older age at first heavy opioid use^$	0.56	2.67E-12
	Number of years using heroin^$	0.69	3.01E-07
	Time since last cocaine injection^*	1.85	2.38E-06
	Time since last had alcohol symptoms that last > 1 month^*	1.34	4.13E-05
	> 20 outpatient visits for drug/psychiatric problems in the last year	1.76	9.56E-06
	Time since opioid treatment initiation^*	1.53	2.24E-06
	Used cocaine > 11 times in last year	0.47	1.09E-05
	Time since first used opioid 1/week for > 1 month^*	1.41	1.10E-04
	Have injected cocaine	2.01	1.66E-04
	Older age at first heavy cocaine use^$	1.27	7.40E-04
	Marijuana interfered with work/home	1.67	1.61E-03
	Time since one started opioid self-help group^*	1.28	2.40E-03
	Time since last feel high on cocaine for > 1 day^*	1.33	1.15E-03
	Time since last attended cocaine self-help group^*	0.76	3.27E-04
	Used tobacco but not addicted	0.60	3.72E-03
	Disclosed problems with cocaine usage to professional	1.65	2.45E-03
	Stopped using stimulants for > 3 month	1.99	2.38E-03
	Drinking resulted in objections or problems with family and work	1.48	4.39E-03
Behavioral	< 3 ASP criteria in 12-month period	0.64	2.69E-03
	Often failed to pay debts	0.68	2.17E-03
	Suspended or expelled from school	0.67	2.16E-03
	Time since last had suicidal ideation^*	1.20	8.08E-03
	Less recent since last had antisocial behaviors^$	1.35	1.03E-04
	No fear of most disturbing/traumatizing event	1.93	1.66E-06
	Avoided scenes that reminded of traumatic event	1.88	7.88E-05
	Had OCD behaviors when depressed	0.49	3.23E-04
	Feeling distracted	1.56	8.15E-04
	Unsafely raced cars	0.56	3.79E-03
	Depression always started with drug problems	1.64	2.55E-03
	Number of depression symptoms	1.46	8.99E-03
	Have outstanding emotional problem	1.63	5.55E-03
Other Health	Body mass index	1.32	3.59E-06
Demographics	Household income	1.15	1.30E-03
Demographics	Current age	2.00	5.74E-09

OR = odds ratio.

Categorical variable: 1 = within the last two weeks, 2 = two weeks to less than one month ago, 3 = one month to less than six months ago, 4 = six months to one year ago, 5 = more than a year ago. OR represents the factor increase per level change.

Continuous variable: OR represents the factor increase per standard deviation unit

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at:

https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/10013_sup_1.pdf

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the work of recruitment and assessment by James Poling, PhD, at Yale University School of Medicine and the APT Foundation; by Roger Weiss, MD, at McLean Hospital; by Kathleen Brady, MD/PhD and Raymond Anton, MD, at the Medical University of South Carolina; and David Oslin, MD at the University of Pennsylvania. We thank John Farrell, PhD, Section of Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, who provided database management assistance.

Author contributions

JC designed, conducted the study and wrote the manuscript, R Sherva, KL, R Saitz, MK and LF supervised the study, HK and JG provided the access to the dataset. All authors contributed to manuscript revisions.

Conflicts of interest

Dr. Kranzler has been a consultant or advisory board member for Indivior and Lundbeck. He is also a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology’s Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative, which was supported for the last 3 years by AbbVie, Alkermes, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Arbor, and Amygdala Neurosciences.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Boston University, Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The code used for this analysis can be found at https://github.com/wusixer/feature-selection-using-LASSO-SVM-and-Random-Forest and https://github.com/wusixer/feature_selection_in_neural_network.

Funding

This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RC2 DA028909, R01 DA12690, R01 DA12849, R01 DA18432, R01 AA11330, R01 AA017535, 2P50-AA012870, VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Philadelphia VA MIRECCS, and National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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