Overview of the emerging techniques in the prevention of cervical cancer
| Technology | Description | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal ablation | Utilizes heat beams to eradicate precancerous cervical lesions. | Significant potential for cervical cancer prevention | [26] |
| Liquid-based cytology and automation | This enhances case adequacy and lab productivity, facilitates HPV testing, and is compatible with automated analysis. | Enhanced screening efficiency | [27–29] |
| Point-of-care HPV molecular test | Crucial role in allowing the clinical research team to offer post-test counseling to women who tested positive for HPV. | Self-sampling and high-resolution microendoscopy technologies | [31, 33] |
| Molecular testing advancements | Genomic techniques analyze oncogene and tumor suppressor gene profiles at the DNA level, focusing on clinically relevant biomarkers associated with HPV infections. | Integration of high-risk HPV DNA detection into prevention efforts, potential for improved risk assessment and triage | [36, 37] |
| Artificial intelligence (AI) | AI enhances accuracy and efficiency in interpretation, aids non-invasive differentiation of cervical cancer, and supports triaging of HPV-positive individuals. | Real-time and reliable diagnosis, automated recognition of cervical precancer and cancer | [38–42] |
| Precision medicine | Tailoring prevention and treatment strategies based on the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle characteristics of each patient. | Genomic techniques for genotype-phenotype associations, digital health interventions for personalized care and support | [47–49] |
| CRISPR/Cas9 application | Utilized for molecular diagnosis, identifying cancer susceptibility genes, treating cervical cancer tumors in mice, targeting HPV and PD-1 for potential human trials. | Potential as a versatile tool for research and therapeutic purposes in cervical cancer | [66–68] |
| RNA interference (RNAi) | Suppression of target genes, reduction in E6 and E7 mRNA levels, apoptosis in cancer cell lines. | Promising as a genetic engineering technique for treating cervical cancer | [69] |
| Biomarkers | HPV DNA testing, miRNAs, proteins, HPV E6/E7 oncogene transcripts, p16INKa/ki-67, M-CSF, VEGF, DNA methylation, PD-L1 status, mismatch repair status, tumor mutational burden status. | Potential in enhancing early detection and prognosis, further research needed for clinical applicability | [70–73] |
PD-1: programmed death 1; PD-L1: programmed death ligand 1; M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor