Advantages and disadvantages of commonly used biopolymers in bioink development for bioartificial pancreas

BiomaterialAdvantagesLimitationsReferences
Alginate

  • It exhibits cytocompatibility and does not exert a toxic effect on encapsulated cells.

  • It can be used at a wide range of concentrations for bioprinting applications.

  • It facilitates immunological isolation of encapsulated cells.

  • It can readily be crosslinked using divalent cations.

  • It undergoes quick biodegradation.

  • Its lack of cell-binding motifs and highly hydrophilic nature results in low cell attachment and protein adsorption.

[110, 111]
Gelatin

  • It consists of cell adhesion RGD motifs.

  • It is biocompatible, and can promote cellular proliferation and synthesis of ECM.

  • It possesses thermoresponsive sol-gel transition behaviour facilitating printability.

  • It is biodegradable and can be cleaved by MMP’s thereby facilitating cell migration.

  • It can easily undergo chemical modifications (e.g., methacrylation) to increase its versatility in bioink development.

  • It exhibits weak mechanical properties at physiological temperatures.

  • It has poor resolution of bioprinted structures when printed alone, thereby requiring blending with other polymers or crosslinking.

[112, 113]
pdECM

  • It retains the natural microenvironmental components of the physiological residence of islets.

  • It naturally provides cell attachment sites and biomolecular and biomolecular cues to support cell growth and viability.

  • It has poor mechanical properties and must be combined with a polymer matrix to provide stability.

  • The decellularization protocol causes irreversible secondary conformational changes in collagen.

[114, 115]
Hyaluronic acid

  • It is biocompatible and biodegradable.

  • It has highly tunable mechanical and degradation properties.

  • It can be easily subjected to chemical modifications and cross-linking that would enable better printability and stability.

  • It cannot be utilised in its pure form for bioink development since it lacks printability and is unstable due to its high-water absorption.

  • It rapidly gets absorbed in vivo. Hence chemical crosslinking is necessary.

[116, 117]
PLA

  • It is FDA approved for biomedical applications.

  • Its physico-chemical properties can be tuned as per requirement.

  • It has a long half-life and, therefore extensively used in the fabrication of long-term implantable scaffolds.

  • It is hydrophobic, and possesses poor cell adhesion properties, thereby requiring surface modification treatments to improve biomimetic properties.

[118, 119]
PCL

  • It is biocompatible, biodegradable, and FDA approved.

  • It has remarkable blend compatibility and versatile viscoelastic properties.

  • It has tunable mechanical and degradation properties.

  • It is inherently hydrophobic and possesses limited bio-regulatory activity.

  • It has reported susceptibility towards bacteria-mediated degradation.

[120]

MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; pdECM: pancreatic-derived ECM; PLA: polylactic acid; FDA: Food Drug Administration; RGD: arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; PCL: polycaprolactone