Exploration of Medicine

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of case data: predictors of PNCs

Variables	aOR	Standard error	95% CI		P-value
Employment status
Jobholder	1.006	0.369	0.488	2.074	0.986
Businessman	1.361	0.473	0.539	3.435	0.515
Unemployed	1.829	0.550	0.623	5.374	0.272
Student	0.081	0.761	0.018	0.361	0.001^*
Homemaker	0.980	0.419	0.431	2.229	0.961
Healthcare personnel	Reference
Monthly household income (BDT)
< 15,000	5.269	0.598	1.631	17.023	0.005^*
15,000–30,000	2.490	0.404	1.127	5.498	0.024^*
31,000–45,000	1.066	0.293	0.600	1.893	0.827
> 45,000	Reference
Current residence
Rural	1.967	0.433	0.842	4.596	0.118
Urban	3.131	0.296	1.754	5.592	< 0.001^*
Semi-urban	Reference
Kidney diseases
No	3.443	0.361	1.696	6.987	0.001^*
Yes	Reference
Asthma
No	1.417	0.284	0.812	2.475	0.220
Yes	Reference
Recovering period after acute-COVID-19
< 30 days	Reference
30–60 days	4.444	0.508	1.641	12.033	0.003^*
61–90 days	2.001	0.544	0.689	5.816	0.203
91–120 days	1.915	0.581	0.613	5.981	0.264
121–150 days	3.150	0.559	1.053	9.419	0.040^*
151–180 days	1.721	0.460	0.698	4.239	0.238
180 + days	0.407	0.775	0.089	1.861	0.247
COVID-19 symptoms
Mild	0.594	0.374	0.285	1.234	0.163
Moderate	0.929	0.421	0.407	2.119	0.860
Sever	1.096	0.461	0.444	2.707	0.842
Very severe	Reference
Dose of vaccine before COVID-19
No vaccine	1.766	0.684	0.462	6.747	0.406
1 Dose	1.472	0.694	0.377	5.738	0.578
2 Doses	1.523	0.670	0.410	5.658	0.530
3 Doses	Reference

Return to article view

^* P-values signify 5% significance levels

Declarations

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the participants for providing the information used to conduct the study.

Author contributions

MA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. ASB and TM: Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Not applicable.

Ethical approval

The ‘Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Uttara Adhunik Medical College’ cleared the ethical issue for this study (Approval number: UAMC/ERC/Recommend- 11/2021).

Consent to participate

Formal written informed consent was obtained from all the participants before data collection to collect, analyze, and publish their data.

Consent to publication

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Wiklund M, Malmgren-Olsson EB, Ohman A, Bergström E, Fjellman-Wiklund A. Subjective health complaints in older adolescents are related to perceived stress, anxiety and gender - a cross-sectional school study in Northern Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:993. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ali M, Uddin Z, Ahsan GU, Hossain A. Association between daily commute and subjective health complaints among the office workers in an urban community. Heliyon. 2021;7:e07841. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ihlebaek C, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Prevalence of subjective health complaints (SHC) in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2002;30:20–9. [PubMed]

Al-Ramadan A, Rabab’h O, Shah J, Gharaibeh A. Acute and post-acute neurological complications of COVID-19. Neurol Int. 2021;13:102–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Subramanian A, Nirantharakumar K, Hughes S, Myles P, Williams T, Gokhale KM, et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat Med. 2022;28:1706–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Priyanka, Choudhary OP, Singh I, Patra G. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the unresolved paradox. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;37:101869. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) [Internet]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center; c2023 [cited 2022 Sep 14]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

Costanza A, Macheret L, Folliet A, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Serafini G, et al. COVID-19 related fears of patients admitted to a psychiatric emergency department during and post-lockdown in Switzerland: preliminary findings to look ahead for tailored preventive mental health strategies. Medicina. 2021;57:1360. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Ali M. Factors associated with COVID-19 fear among healthcare professionals in Bangladesh. Dialogues Health. 2022;1:100037. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Ali M, Uddin Z, Hossain A. Economic stressors and mental health symptoms among Bangladeshi rehabilitation professionals: a cross-sectional study amid COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon. 2021;7:e06715. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Ali M, Bonna AS, Sarkar AS, Islam MA, Rahman NA. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with low back pain: findings from a community-based case-control study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;122:144–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Ali M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection altered the factors associated with headache: evidence from a multicenter community-based case-control study. Pain Rep. 2022;7:e1051. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Parker AM, Brigham E, Connolly B, McPeake J, Agranovich AV, Kenes MT, et al. Addressing the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multidisciplinary model of care. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:1328–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Fuensalida-Novo S, Palacios-Ceña M, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Florencio LL, et al. Myalgia as a symptom at hospital admission by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is associated with persistent musculoskeletal pain as long-term post-COVID sequelae: a case-control study. Pain. 2021;162:2832–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Ali M, Uddin Z, Banik PC, Hegazy FA, Zaman S, Ambia ASM, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice, and fear of COVID-19: an online-based cross-cultural study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2023;21:1025–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Ali M, Bonna AS, Sarkar A, Islam A. Is coronavirus infection associated with musculoskeletal health complaints? Results from a comprehensive case-control study. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319221114259. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Barlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J. 2001;19:43–50.

18.

Eriksen HR, Ihlebaek C, Ursin H. A scoring system for subjective health complaints (SHC). Scand J Public Health. 1999;27:63–72. [PubMed]

19.

Mathew G, Agha R; STROCSS Group. STROCSS 2021: strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery. Ann Med Surg. 2021;72:103026. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM, Nielsen S, Kunalan K, Rungby J, et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;46:39–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Costanza A, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Serafini G, Amore M, Macchiarulo E, et al. From “The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide” to “The Interpersonal Trust”: an unexpected and effective resource to mitigate economic crisis-related suicide risk in times of Covid-19? Acta Biomed. 2021;92:e2021417. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Ali M, Ahsan GU, Khan R, Khan HR, Hossain A. Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on mental well-being in Bangladeshi adults: patterns, explanations, and future directions. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:494. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Ventriglio A, Torales J, Castaldelli-Maia JM, De Berardis D, Bhugra D. Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS Spectr. 2021;26:43–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Montani D, Savale L, Noel N, Meyrignac O, Colle R, Gasnier M, et al.; COMEBAC Study Group. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31:210185. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Navarro-Santana M, Plaza-Manzano G, Palacios-Ceña D, Arendt-Nielsen L. Time course prevalence of post-COVID pain symptoms of musculoskeletal origin in patients who had survived severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2022;163:1220–31. [DOI] [PubMed]