Table Info

Table 3.

Studies on wheatgrass ameliorating chemoprevention

Type of cancer	Cell line used	Analysis method	Mechanistic approach for chemoprevention	Results	Reference
Laryngeal cancer	Hep2 cell lines	Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and anti-proliferative activity	Cell proliferation is via G1 arrest in the cell cycle and p53 induction. Isolated compounds inhibit cyclin D1/Cdk4 binding and thus inhibit cell proliferation.	The presence of polyphenolics has proved the anti-leukemic potential of wheatgrass.	[47]
Lung cancer	A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells	MTT assay	Suppression of HIF-1α expression	Wheatgrass extract suppresses HIF-1α expression in airway epithelial cells and inhibits mucin overexpression induced by HIF-1α.	[59]
Cervical cancer	Human epithelial cells (HeLa)	MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, nuclear morphological examination, and RT-PCR	Cell arrest at G0-G1 phase of cell cycle	Wheatgrass possesses anti-cancer potential by inducing apoptosis and anti-proliferative action and is used to prevent and treat human cervical cancer.	[55]
Breast cancer	MCF-7	HPLC and GC–MS	Conducted immunomodulatory bioactive assays and observed delayed type hypersensitivity response and splenocyte proliferation assay	YWG and WG1 were discovered to show positive anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity.	[54]
Prostate cancer	PC3
Colon cancer	HCT-116
Lung cancer	A549
Pancreatic cancer	MIA PaCa-2
Ovarian cancer	A2780 A2780cisR	XTT assays	XTT assays	Wheatgrass may lessen the cytotoxicity of carboplatin on ovarian cancer cells that are susceptible to the drug cisplatin.	[58]

MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor; RT: reverse transcription; MCF-7: Michigan cancer foundation-7; A2780cisR: A2780 cisplatin resistant; XTT: 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; YWG: 5-bromo-2-(5-bromo-chloro-1, 2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl)-tetrahydro-2,6,6-trimethyl- 2H-pran-3-yl-acetate; WG1: 2,28-diamino-3,27-dihydroxynonacosan-12-one; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography

Declarations

Author contributions

NM drafted the paper; SS was responsible for supervision and methodology; PP supervised and helped in revision. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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