Exploration of BioMat-X

Table 2. Summary of potential sEV-associated protein biomarkers for AD

AD sEVs protein biomarkers	Expression	References
Aβ42	↑	[39, 56, 58, 59]
P-T181-tau	↑	[56, 58]
P-S396-tau	↑	[39, 56, 58, 59]
T-tau	↑	[39, 58, 59]
β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE 1)	↑	[39]
γ-Secretase	↑	[39]
sAPPβ	↑	[39]
sAPPα	↑	[39]
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)	↓	[39]
NRGN	↓	[57, 59]
Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST)	↓	[59]
GAP43	↓	[57]
Synaptotagmin 1	↓	[57]
SNAP25	↓	[57]

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↑: the expression of the protein is higher in sEVs collected from samples of AD patients compared to that collected from controls; ↓: the expression of the protein is lower in sEVs collected from samples of AD patients compared to that collected from controls

Declarations

Author contributions

SAA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. IC: Writing—original draft. KD: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

KD is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number [1 R16GM149496-01]; and the National Science Foundation under award number [2302452]; funding was also provided by the North Carolina A&T State University KL2 Scholar Award from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, grant [KL2TR002490]; and start-up funds from the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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