The various types of stimuli responsive lignin-based hydrogels and their applications.
Material
Stimuli response type
Agent
Properties
Application
References
Lignosulfonate-NIPAM-IA hydrogels
Temperature sensitive + pH sensitive (dual stimuli response)
N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) for and itaconic acid (IA) as temperature and pH sensitive components, respectively
The temperature-sensitive behaviours of LNIH-3.7%, LNIH-5.7%, and LNIH-6.9% hydrogels have been observed at around 35°C, which is relatively close to the physiological temperature of 37°C. Each LNIH hydrogel demonstrated pH sensitivity ranging from 3.0 to 9.1
Under near-infrared irradiation (808 nm), the temperature of the hydrogel system increased up to 52.9°C within 3 min, validating high photothermal effect. Also demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Therapeutic dressing for infected wound healing, tissue engineering
The survival rate of Candida tropicalis colonies declined to about 14%. In the presence of green laser (525 nm, 2.5 mW for 3 min), the IC50 value of LigHyd-RB@L AgNCs decreased by ~2 fold when compared to dark circumstances
Wound dressing, drug delivery of antimicrobial PDT
The LPC-MWCNTs1.5 hydrogel reached about 57°C after being exposed to an 808 nm NIR laser (1.5 W/cm2, 5 min), which successfully killed 99% Escherichia coli and 97.8% Staphylococcus aureus by thermal denaturation
HK: Conceptualization, Visualization, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft. Disha: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. KS: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. OS: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. BS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala and Bioinformatics center (BIC) sponsored by Department of Biotechnology for providing a computational facility under the BIC (Bt/PR39876/Btis/137/7/2021), New Delhi, India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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