From:  Functional lignin hydrogels for biosensors and biomedical therapy

 The various uses of lignin-based hydrogels in tissue engineering.

Components of hydrogelsMethod of preparationProperties achievedTarget tissue/cellApplicationReferences
Lignin nanoparticles + polyacrylamideUltrasonic dispersion of lignin nanoparticles and in-situ free radical polymerizationHigh cell viability was observed; the cells retained the ability to proliferateEsophageal squamous carcinoma cellsCancer-related tissue modelling[136]
Gelatin + 2% ligninCrosslinking of lignin with gelatin to form cryogelsCompression modulus: increases 1.8 times compared to neat gelatin gel; compression stress increases 7 times; supports bone cell differentiationBone cellBone tissue engineering scaffolds[139]
Chitosan + alkali ligninInotropic crosslinking of chitosan with lignin (crosslinker)Support cell adhesion (confirmed by HR SEM and fluorescence microscopy); porosity of hydrogel was found to be 72.53%; no cytotoxicity at 50 µg/mL concentrationFibroblast/stem cellStem cell support scaffold tissue engineering[28]