The various applications of lignin-based hydrogels in wound healing.
| Material | Preparation method | Function/activity | Target pathogen | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lignin-graft polyoxazoline conjugated triazole | Polymerization & covalent modification | Anti-biofilm activity, anti-inflammatory | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Biofilm activity: reduction in thickness of biofilm structure from 30 nm to 8 nm (treated) after 12 h incubation; anti-inflammatory: inhibits LPS-induced iNOs, IL-1β, TNF-alpha α | [116] |
| Lignin-based hydrogel | Solid state esterification with PEG and poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) | Anti-microbial | Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis | Significant reduction in bacterial adherence observed (up to 5-log) | [117] |
| Ag-Lignin NPs-PAA-pectin hydrogel | Formulation of Ag-lignin nanoparticles followed by polymerization with pectin and acrylic acid | Anti-bacterial, wound healing | Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli | Bactericidal ratio of hydrogel for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli was found to be 98% and 97%, respectively. Healing ratio found to be 90% | [118] |
| AgNPs-lignin hydrogel | Crosslinking and in-situ gelation | Anti-microbial | Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli | Complete bactericidal inhibition at high concentration (up to 108 cfu/mL) | [29] |
| Lignin-MA/SBMA double network hydrogel | Free radical polymerization of SBMA and lignin-MA | Antimicrobial, anti-fouling | Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli | 40% lignin -MA hydrogel showed 94.8% reduction of Escherichia coli and 95.7% reduction of Staphylococcus aureus | [119] |
| Lignosulfonate-PVC composite hydrogel | Covalent interaction (hydrophobic) induced gelation (i.e., physical crosslinking) | Self-wound healing, tissue adhesiveness | – | Rat liver bleeding model: bleeding decreased from 196.7 mg to 29.4 mg (treated) within 60 s. Strong adhesion of 41.3 kPa to liver tissue | [120] |
| OTC-loaded lignin chitosan bio composite hydrogel | Freeze thaw method (5 cycles) | Antibacterial, wound healing, antioxidant | Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli | Strong antibacterial activity: zone of inhibition found to be 2 mm (Escherichia coli) and 24.5 mm (Staphylococcus aureus). Antioxidant activity: 39.3% RSA (at 50 mg) | [92] |
| PVA-CS-EGCG hydrogel | – | Anti-bacterial, wound healing | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium | Antibacterial (MIC/MBC): effective inhibition and bactericidal effect at 0.22–0.88 mg/mL against pathogens | [121] |
HK: Conceptualization, Visualization, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft. Disha: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. KS: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. OS: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. BS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala and Bioinformatics center (BIC) sponsored by Department of Biotechnology for providing a computational facility under the BIC (Bt/PR39876/Btis/137/7/2021), New Delhi, India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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