Applications of lignin-based hydrogel as a drug delivery carrier
| Material | Drug used | Method | Properties | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cellulose/lignin hydrogel (95:05 ratio) | Paracetamol | Mixture of cellulose and lignin in NaOH/urea, freeze-thaw, addition of epichlorohydrin as crosslinker, freeze-dry | Pore size:100–160 µm, swelling dec slightly. Diffusion: 1.1 × 10–4 cm2/s. Mechanical strength: high compressive. Modulus (~11 kPa) achieved | Enhance release of paracetamol (~50%) than pure cellulose hydrogel | [100] |
| Lignin/β-cyclodextrin (LCD) matrix | Ketoconazole (K) & Piroxicam (P) | β-Cyclodextrin crosslinked with lignin using epichlorohydrin, followed by loading of drugs into the matrix | In vitro release studies (Korsmeyer-Peppas model) revealed that the LepCD-based materials released medicines at a slower rate (k = 1.117–1.789) compared to LCD-based materials with a constant release rate (k = 2.210–4.824) | Used as drug carrier | [101] |
| Gelatin/lignin hydrogel using EDC as cross linker | Ribavirin | Lignin + NaOH solution, to which gelatin is added. Magnetically stirred & left overnight at 80°C to obtain an aqueous solution. EDC is used to crosslink the gelatin/lignin sample | Higher lignin concentration (3%) in gelatin/lignin hydrogels resulted in greater cumulative ribavirin release i.e., 68% higher as compared with gelatin hydrogel after 270 min | For antiviral drug delivery | [102] |
| Lignocellulose nanofibril-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel | Tetracycline hydrochloride | Crosslinking | high compression modulus (3.92 MPa) and significant sustained-release effect with a release rate of 80.73% after 336 h | Potential for controlled drug delivery system | [103] |
| M-HPMC/M-SLS hydrogel (methacrylate hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (M-HPMC) and methacrylate lignin (M-SLS) hydrogel) | Alpha-pinene (α-pinene) | Preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and loading of α-pinene into NLCs. α-pinene-loaded NLCs (0, 18, 38, and 50 wt%) were encapsulated in M-HPMC/M-SLS hydrogel | Controlled α-pinene release for up to 96 h, shows significant antioxidant activity. Increased adhesive strength (113.5 ± 7.5 kPa) to bovine buccal mucosa | Buccal mucoadhesive hydrogel for the potential application in the treatment of oral ulcers | [104] |
| Cotton stalk lignin hydrogel | Curcumin, naringenin, α-lactalbumin | Lignin + HEC polymerization in the Prescence of PEG400 (2–4%) & 1–3% glycerol. Addition of actives by mixing at 50–80°C at 2,000 rpm to form hydrogel | Pore size: 283 nm (ocular). Swelling ratio: high (about 385%). Mechanical strength: tensile strength: 0.63 MPa. Elasticity modulus: 0.52 MPa | For topical ocular treatment of diabetic retinopathy | [105] |
| CP loaded lignin based PVA hydrogel | Ciprofloxacin | – | Cumulative drug release found to be 88.2 ± 3.2% after 10 h. CP-loaded hydrogel exhibits antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Can be used as pharmaceutical carrier. Useful for sustained release applications | [106] |
HK: Conceptualization, Visualization, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft. Disha: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. KS: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. OS: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. BS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala and Bioinformatics center (BIC) sponsored by Department of Biotechnology for providing a computational facility under the BIC (Bt/PR39876/Btis/137/7/2021), New Delhi, India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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