Lignin-based hydrogels in biosensor applications
| Hydrogel composition | Lignin type | Synthesis | Properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino-grafted sodium lignosulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), in situ grown silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Lignosulfate | Grafting amino groups onto lignosulfonate, crosslinking with PVA, followed by in situ AgNP growth | Strong antibacterial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), good mechanical strength and elasticity, porous network | [29] |
| Water/glycerol, PEDOT: sulfonated Lignin (PEDOT:SL), PAA | Sulfonated lignin | In-situ radical polymerization of acrylic acid with PEDOT:SL in water/glycerol | High electrical conductivity, soft, elastic, self-wrinkling, anti-freezing capability, biocompatible (non-toxic to skin and cells) | [66] |
| Fe-sulfonated lignin (SL), Polyacrylic acid (PAA), Lignin-based nanoparticles–Fe3+ chelates, ammonium persulfate (APS) | Sulfonated lignin | Redox/coordination-initiated polymerization using SL–Fe3+ complex and APS at room temperature | High stretchability (1,680%), strong adhesion (36.4 kPa), good conductivity (7.0 × 10–2 S/m), UV-blocking (99.7%), excellent self-healing (up to 85.7% stretch recovery, 98.5% conductivity recovery) | [67] |
| Poly (acrylic acid), poly (vinyl alcohol), lignosulfonate, and LiCl | Lignosulfate | Redox polymerization via LS/Fe3+/APS system at room temperature, no external stimulus | Mechanical strength (1.04 MPa), stretchability (758%), and conductivity (9.81 S/m) | [68] |
| Top layer: quaternary hydroxyethyl cellulose (QHEC), bottom layer: lignosulfonate sodium (LS)–borax | Lignosulfonate sodium | Layer-by-layer assembly forming a double-layer hydrogel with oppositely charged polymers enabling ionic crosslinking | Top layer: strong (Young’s modulus ~101.3 kPa), non-adhesive (2.2 kPa), bottom layer: soft (14.2 kPa), adhesive (18.7 kPa), mechanical adaptability, skin compatibility, antimicrobial, biodegradable | [69] |
| Sodium lignosulfonate-silver (Ls-Ag), cellulose nanocrystals, poly(acrylamide), ammonium persulfate (APS) | Lignosulfate | APS radical polymerization catalyzed by Ls-Ag, forming cellulose-PAM composite hydrogel. | High tensile strength (406 kPa), ultra-stretchability (1,880%), self-recovery, robust adhesion, conductivity (~9.5 mS/cm), UV shielding, and antibacterial activity (> 98%) | [70] |
| Aminated lignin (AL), polydopamine (PDA), polyacrylamide (PAM), and biomass carbon aerogel (C-SPF) | Animated lignin- lignin extracted from corncob | Dual-network polymerization combining PAM with AL/PDA and biomass carbon aerogel reinforcement | High elasticity and self-adhesion, stable over 500 cycles, ultrahigh sensitivity (170 kPa–1), quick response, mechanical strength, Biocompatible and antibacterial | [71] |
| Ca2+-adsorbed tannic acid–sulfonated lignin (Ca2+–TA@SL) and polyacrylamide (PAM) | Sulfonated lignin | Sulfonated lignin doped with tannic acid, Ca2+-adsorbed, then polymerized with PAM | Excellent conductivity, Strong adhesion, UV resistance, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, real-time ECG/EMG sensing | [72] |
HK: Conceptualization, Visualization, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft. Disha: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. KS: Data curation, Writing—review & editing. OS: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. BS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala and Bioinformatics center (BIC) sponsored by Department of Biotechnology for providing a computational facility under the BIC (Bt/PR39876/Btis/137/7/2021), New Delhi, India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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